Columbiformes
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 250-330 | density of breeding pairs | pairs/220 acres | Both Male and Female | Adult | 220 acres | Lewis, Cass County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Clutches or Litters per year | 5.85-5.98 | average number of nest attempts by individual pairs | nests/year | Both Male and Female | Adult | 1108-1443 nests/year | Lewis, Cass County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.8 | average number of fledglings produced per successful nest | fledglings/nest | Not Reported | Fledgling | 1108-1443 nests/year | Lewis, Cass County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Survival/ Mortality | 13.7% | percent of young hatched that did not survive to fledging | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 3580 hatchlings | Lewis, Cass County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 7.7 | average body weight | g | Not Reported | Hatchling | 15 nests | near Orondo, Douglas County | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0 days (hatch) |
| Body Weight - Mean | 79.0 | average body weight | g | Not Reported | Fledgling | 15 nests | near Orondo, Douglas County | Exposure Factor Datasets | 14 days |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 48.0 % | mean annual mortality rate | Both Male and Female | Adult | 725 birds | Berkeley | Exposure Factor Datasets | Contra Costa | 4.3 SE | |
| Longevity | 1.53 | mean life span | yr | Both Male and Female | Adult | 725 birds | Berkeley | Exposure Factor Datasets | Contra Costa | 0.19 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 114.6 | mean body weight | g | Male | Adult | 14 birds | southeastern area | Exposure Factor Datasets | 75.7 SD |
| Body Weight - Mean | 112.7 | mean body weight | g | Female | Adult | 9 birds | southeastern area | Exposure Factor Datasets | 158.8 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | turkey mullein, buckthorn weed, milk thistle, safflower, red maids, California poppy, chickweed, miner's lettuce | principal dietary items in crop contents | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 152 crops | Sacramento Valley | Exposure Factor Datasets | Butte |
| Dietary Composition | safflower, milo, turkey mullein, buckthorn weed, California poppy, rice, sunflower, wheat, corn | principal dietary items in crop contents | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 192 crops | southern San Joaquin Valley | Exposure Factor Datasets | Kern |
| Dietary Composition | turkey mullein, buckthorn weed, wheat, California poppy, barley, red maids, Napa thistle, miner's lettuce, prostrate pigweed | principal dietary items in crop contents | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 183 crops | inner coast mountains | Exposure Factor Datasets | San Luis Obispo |
| Dietary Composition | barley, milo, canary grass, flax, lambs quarter, water grass, wheat, cup grass, watermelon, sunflower | principal dietary items in crop contents | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 214 crops | Imperial Valley | Exposure Factor Datasets | Imperial |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 28.2% | weighted mean annual mortality of banded doves | Both Male and Female | Adult | 991 birds | near Savage | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA | ||
| Foraging Distance | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA | ||
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA | ||
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | review | time of fall and spring migration | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA | |
| Dietary Composition | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA | ||
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA | ||
| Time of Mating/ Laying | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA | ||
| Time of Molt | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA | ||
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | range of nesting densities on agroforestry plots | Both Male and Female | Adult | 6 plots | San Joaquin Valley Agroforestry Demonstration Project | Exposure Factor Datasets | Fresno, Kings |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | halogeton (22.0% +/- 33.9), pigweed (3.9% +/- 13.5), common vetch (4.1% +/-17.9), Indian ricegrass (26.1% +/- 37.6), collomia(6.7% +/- 21.6), barnyard grass (0.3% +/- 5.0), gromwell (0.4% +/- 3.7), wheat (13.2% +/- 29.9), oats (0.6% +/- 4.2), cottonwood (1.6% +/- 11.6), other species (1.7% +/- 7.9), grit (13.9% +/- 23.9) | percent occurrence by mass in crop contents (mean +/- SD) | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 223 birds | Idaho National Engineering Laboratory | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 140.4 | mean body weight | g | Male | Both Adults and Juveniles | 6 | captured at Dundee, IL | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | 10.5 SD | Laboratory |
| Body Weight - Mean | 129.6 | mean body weight | g | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 14 | captured at Dundee, IL | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | 6.9 SD | Laboratory |
| Metabolic Rate | 1.11 | mean oxygen consumption during the light period at 10 deg C | ml O2/g bw/hr | Male | Both Adults and Juveniles | 6 | captured at Dundee, IL | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | 0.29 SD | Laboratory |
| Metabolic Rate | 1.14 | mean oxygen consumption during the light period at 10 deg C | ml O2/g bw/hr | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 14 | captured at Dundee, IL | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | 0.46 SD | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 208 | number of nests found in 13.4 acres of orchards | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | near American Falls | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Time of Nesting | latter two-thirds of July | time of peak nesting activity | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | near American Falls | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.62 | number of doves fledged per breeding adult | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | Not Reported | near American Falls | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surface Area | 241 | measured area of skin beneath feathers of 649.1 g bird, excluding beak and non-feathered portions of legs | cm^2 | Not Reported | Adult | 1 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| Surface Area | 198 | measured area of the external plumage surface of 649.1 g bird, excluding beak and non-feathered portions of legs | cm^2 | Not Reported | Adult | 1 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Nesting | April-October | period from onset of egg laying through fledging | Both Male and Female | Adult | ~81 nests/year | Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Population Density | range of total annual nesting population, over 3 yrs | pairs | Both Male and Female | Adult | 65-100 pairs | Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | number of young fledged per nesting attempt | fledglings/nest | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | ~81 nests/year | Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Survival/ Mortality | 37.3% (before hatch), 9.2% (after hatch) | percent of eggs or young lost before and after hatch | Both Male and Female | Embryo, Juvenile | 634 eggs | Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.716 | overall survival of radiomarked individuals | Both Male and Female | Adult | 315 | Davisdale and Mussel Fork Wildlife Areas | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.651-0.782 95% CI |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 2 | average clutch size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 592 clutches | near Auburn | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 14 | d | Not Reported | Embryo | 5 cases | near Auburn | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Hatching Success | 226 (both eggs); 56 (one egg) | number of nests in which one or both eggs hatched | Not Reported | Hatchling | 592 nests | near Auburn | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | d | Not Reported | Fledgling | 136 nests | near Auburn | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | summer | time of southward migration | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Turlock area | Exposure Factor Datasets | Merced, Stanislaus |
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | winter | time of northward movement | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Turlock area | Exposure Factor Datasets | Merced, Stanislaus |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 14 d, 16 hr to 15 d | incubation period up to time of hatching | Not Reported | Embryo | 1 egg | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | year of hatching | age of earliest sexual maturity, based on gonad sizes and breeding behaviors | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 75 males, 66 females | near Tuscon | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 1.8 | mean clutch size | Female | Adult | 524 nests | Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 49.4% | proportion of active nests that successfully fledged young | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | 524 nests | Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.8 | mean number of young fledged per successful nest | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | 358 nests | Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | 55.2% | percent of nests in which at least one egg hatched | % | Both Male and Female | Adult | 335 nest attempts | near Bakersfield | Exposure Factor Datasets | Kern |
| Hatching Success | 67.1% | percent of eggs laid that hatched | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | Not Reported | near Bakersfield | Exposure Factor Datasets | Kern |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.87 | average number of fledglings per successful nest | fledglings/nest | Not Reported | Fledgling | 185 successful nests | near Bakersfield | Exposure Factor Datasets | Kern |
| Time of Nesting | Mar-Sep | period from beginning to end of nesting | Both Male and Female | Adult | 335 nest attempts | near Bakersfield | Exposure Factor Datasets | Kern | |
| Population Density | 21.7 | average number of birds per 100 miles of survey route | birds/100 mi | Not Reported | Not Reported | 1000 mi surveyed/mo | near Bakersfield | Exposure Factor Datasets | Kern |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 0.02 | density of nests | nests/ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | 15 plots | Idaho National Engineering Laboratory | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 75% | proportion of active nests that fledged young | Both Male and Female | Adult | 24 nests | Idaho National Engineering Laboratory | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | mean number of fledglings per successful nest (over three years) | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5-7 nests/yr | Idaho National Engineering Laboratory | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.50 | survival rate from incubation to fledging (26 days) | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 24 nests | Idaho National Engineering Laboratory | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 2 | clutch size in 97.2% of observed nests | Female | Adult | 1203 nests | J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Growth Rate | see figures | growth rates of nestling weight, body length, wing chord, tail length, 6th primary | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 178 birds | J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Nesting | March-September | period of active nesting | Both Male and Female | Adult | 648 nests | Texas A&M College campus | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Population Density | 165 | peak monthly nesting density in study area | nests/81 acres | Both Male and Female | Adult | 648 nests | Texas A&M College campus | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Clutches or Litters per year | 4.4 | mean number of nest attempts made per pair per year | nests/yr | Both Male and Female | Adult | 7 marked pairs | Texas A&M College campus | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 6.7 | mean number of fledglings produced per adult female | fledglings/female | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | 7 marked pairs | Texas A&M College campus | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Survival/ Mortality | 86% | estimated mortality rate in the first year, based on band returns | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | Not Reported | Texas A&M College campus | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foraging Distance | distance flown from night roosts to feeding sites | km | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Jackson County (elev. 430 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Dietary Composition | haygrazer (15-96%), wheat (trace-31%), pricklepoppy (trace-19%), panic grass (trace-33%), maize (3-76%), pigweed (trace-14%), sunflower (trace-10%), spurge (trace-17%), wild bean (trace-44%), others (1-6%) | percent consumption by weight of 9 most frequently eaten foods (range over 7 months) | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Jackson County (elev. 430 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | waste rice, milo, watergrass, yellow star thistle, Turkey mullein seeds, waste wheat, canary grass, safflower, johnson grass | food items in crop contents, in order of importance | Not Reported | Adult | 22 birds | Gray Lodge State Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Butte | |
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 14-15 | incubation period | d | Both Male and Female | Embryo | Not Reported | Gray Lodge State Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Butte |
| Time of Nesting | mid-March to September 20 | nesting season duration (peaks in July) | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Gray Lodge State Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Butte |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 1.8 | nesting pairs per 100 trees checked | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 orchards | Rufus Woods Lake area | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 1.8 | mean number of eggs laid per nesting attempt | Female | Adult | 123 nests | Rufus Woods Lake area | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 90.3% | proportion of young fledged in successful nests | Both Male and Female | Adult | 123 nests | Rufus Woods Lake area | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 114.3 | mean body weight | g | Female | Juvenile | 5 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets | 131 days | 3.3 SE | |
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 93 | age at which birds were judged capable of reproduction | d | Female | Juvenile | 58 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets | 131 days |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Rate | see figures | growth rates of body weight, body length, wing, alar tract from hatching to fledging | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 53 nestlings | Fremont and Waterloo areas | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 80 | age at which birds became capable of breeding | d | Male | Yearling | 79 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
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