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Anaxyrus boreas

Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate range of mean oxygen consumption rates for 11 tadpole stages 76.34 - 279.31 ul O2/g wet wt./hr Not Reported Tadpole 10-84/age group Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate 30.80 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 15C 11.2 - 47.5 ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 25.54 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 15C 10.3 - 47.1 ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 71.2 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 25C 45.1 98.4 ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 32.54 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 25C 13.8 - 67.9 ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 29.41 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 5C 18.3 - 41.8 ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 26.86 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 5C 7.5 - 43.7 ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets

Anaxyrus boreas ssp. boreas

Citation:

Food habits of the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas, in the Colorado Front Range

Author(s)
Campbell, James B.
Pages
83-85
Year
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Nematoda (3.0%); Gastropoda (3-21.2%); Arachnida (3.0-42.5%); Orthoptera (3.0%); Coleoptera (3.0-51.5%); Hemiptera (3.0%); Neuroptera (3.0%); Lepidoptera (12.1%); Diptera (3.0 -24.2%); Hymenoptera (3.0-88.1%) % of stomachs containing prey items % Not Reported Not Reported Left-hand reservoir, Boulder county (elev., 10,638ft) 33 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hibernacula of a population of Bufo boreas boreas in the Colorado Front Range

Author(s)
Campbell, James B.
Pages
278-282
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Sept. - May time of hibernation Not Reported Adult Boulder county (elev., 2,975m) 30 Exposure Factor Datasets

Rana aurora

Citation:

Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora

Author(s)
Calef, George Waller
Pages
741-758
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of first observance of egg masses Female Adult Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) observations over 3 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition May Not Reported Embryo Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) observations over 3 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 500 maximum reported density #/m2 Not Reported Tadpole Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Not Reported Tadpole Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 531 19 SE #/egg mass Female Adult Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) 35 egg masses Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 5 survival of larval population until metamorphosis % Not Reported Tadpole Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean log W = -4.60 + 3.085(log L) regression equation relating body weight (W; mg, dry wt.) to body length (L; mm) mg Not Reported Tadpole Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity of the red-legged frog

Author(s)
Cowan, Ian McTaggart
Pages
48
Year
Issue
1
Volume
1941
Exposure Endpoint Type Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Longevity 12 - 15 yrs Female Adult 2 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food and feeding behavior of sympatric red-legged frogs, Rana aurora, and spotted frogs, Rana pretiosa in southwestern British Columbia

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
22-31
Year
Issue
1
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition see citation frequency of occurrence and food item abundance of 53 items (family level and prey lifestage) in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles White Rock, British Columbia [lat., 49^o02'N; long., 122^o39'W] 26-104/lifestage Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding habits and embryonic thermal requirements of the frogs, Rana aurora aurora and Rana pretiosa pretiosa in the pacific northwest

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
116-124
Year
Issue
1
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate 0.59 oxygen consumption at 18.5C 0.10 SD 0.51 - 0.77 cm3 O2/egg/hr Not Reported Embryo 6 replicates with 30 embryos each Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Survival of embryos, tadpoles, and adults of the frogs Rana aurora aurora and Rana pretiosa pretiosa sympatric in southwestern British Columbia

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
613-627
Year
Issue
5
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 680 194 - 921 # ova/egg mass Female Adult White Rock, British Columbia Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality embryo survival, estimated by counting # dead embryos in 100 eggs/egg mass 91 - 92 % Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile White Rock, British Columbia 22 egg masses Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality <1 survival from hatching to metamorphosis % Not Reported Tadpole White Rock, British Columbia 9,901-12,512 hatching embryos Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 5.3 survival from tadpole to young-of-the-year frogs % Not Reported Tadpole White Rock, British Columbia Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 68.6 annual minimal survival % Not Reported Adult White Rock, British Columbia 67 Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 18.0 annual minimal survival % Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles White Rock, British Columbia 256 Exposure Factor Datasets

Rana draytonii

Citation:

Diet and feeding behavior of the California red-legged frog, Rana aurora draytonii

Author(s)
Hayes, Marc P. and Michele R. Tennant
Pages
601-605
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition see citation occurrence of 48 items (species) in digestive tracts Not Reported Not Reported Canada de la Gaviota and collections at California State Polytechnic University 31 frogs Exposure Factor Datasets

Phalacrocorax auritus

Citation:

Caloric intake of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
553-565
Year
Volume
92
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition cunner (59.7%), winter flounder (15.5%), sculpin (2.4%), rock eel (0.3%), American eel (6.6%), pollack (9.8%), mummichog (5.8%) frequency by weight of fish regurgitated by adult cormorants Both Male and Female Adult Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) 17 samples Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate see figure estimated average energy intake during the nestling period (to 50 days of age) kcal/bird/day Both Male and Female Nestling Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Development of endothermy and existence energy expenditure of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
350-356
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate oxygen consumption during brooding period (to about 2 wks of age) 1.0-1.5 cm^3/g BW/hr Both Male and Female Nestling Duck Island, Isle of Shoals (43 deg. 00'N, 70 deg 35'W) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Diet of double-crested cormorants wintering in Texas

Author(s)
Campo, Joseph J., Bruce C. Thompson, John C. Barron, Raymond Telfair, II, Phil Durocher and Steve Gutreuter
Pages
135-144
Year
Issue
2
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition shad (26.1%), large roughfish (2.5%), small forage species (1.2%), catfish (9.6%), bass (16.5%), sunfish (15.0%), crappies (5.6%), other fishes (23.3%) percent occurence of prey items by weight in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles east TX 420 cormorants Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 2.3 0.02 SE kg Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles east TX 420 cormorants Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting phenology of the double-crested cormorant

Author(s)
Kushlan, James A. and Linda C. McEwan
Pages
201-206
Year
Issue
2
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Nesting year-round time during which active nests were observed Both Male and Female Adult south FL 30 colonies Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Environmental influences on the energetics and behavior of anhingas and double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Henneman, Willard W., III
Pages
201-216
Year
Issue
2
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 1.33 kg Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 5 cormorants Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 85 measured during the day over temperature range -10 to 45 C cm^3 O2/g BW/hr Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 5 cormorants Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 74 measured at night over temperature range -10 to 45 C cm^3 O2/g BW/hr Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 5 cormorants Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate minimal metabolic rate measured over a range of incident radiation (0-700 watts/m^2) 85-95 cm^3 O2/g BW/hr Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 5 cormorants Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Brood size and chick position as factors influencing feeding frequency, growth, and survival of nestling double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus

Author(s)
Leger, Claire and Raymond McNeil
Pages
351-361
Year
Issue
3
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Growth Rate 0.120 rate of growth from hatch to fledge 0.017 SD Not Reported Juvenile Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence 33 chicks Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 34.7 2.96 SD g Not Reported Hatchling Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence 33 chicks Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1900.5 mean asymptotic weight of fledglings 189.8 SD g Not Reported Fledgling Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence 33 chicks Exposure Factor Datasets

Citation:

Feeding ecology of marine cormorants in southwestern North America

Author(s)
Ainley, David G., Daniel W. Anderson, and Paul R. Kelly
Pages
120-131
Year
Volume
83
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition clupeidae (1.3%), cottidae (2.7%), embiotocidae (16.8%), engraulidae (0.2 %), gasterosteidae (0.4%), pleuronectidae (0.2%), sciaenidae (0.2%), scorpaenidae (1.3%) prey species occurence by percent individuals counted in regurgitated pellets South Farallon Island 175 pellets Exposure Factor Datasets
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