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Citation:
Author(s)
Easterla, David A. and John O. Whitaker, Jr.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Dietary Composition |
Lepidoptera (22.2), Gryllidae or Tettigoniidae (11.1), unident. insects (38.9), unident. Coleoptera (1.7), Cercopidae and Cicadellidae (1.7), Mymeleontidae (8.9), Carabidae (11.1), unident. Orthoptera (4.4) |
percent volume of stomach contents |
% |
Not Reported |
Not Reported |
Big Bend National Park |
9 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Jones, Marvin L.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Sample Size |
Type |
Longevity |
57 |
captive longevity record |
mo |
Not Reported |
Adult |
Not Reported |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Lewis, Susan E.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Error |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Time of Hatching or Parturition |
June 17 (initiation) |
date of first capture of a lactating female |
|
|
Female |
Adult |
John Day River Valley, 44deg 55' N, 120deg 27' W |
39 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
21.7 |
mean body weight for lactating females |
2.03 SD |
g |
Female |
Adult |
John Day River Valley, 44deg 55' N, 120deg 27' W |
39 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
O'Shea, Thomas J. and Terry A. Vaughn
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Time of Hatching or Parturition |
late May through June |
time of parturition through time when young begin to fly |
Both Male and Female |
Adult |
Camp Verde, Yavapai County |
Not Reported |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Time of Migration or Dispersal |
August |
juvenile dispersal |
Both Male and Female |
Juvenile |
Camp Verde, Yavapai County |
Not Reported |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Trune, Dennis R., and C.N. Slobodchikoff
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Range |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Sample Size |
Type |
Body Weight - Mean |
23.0 |
|
19.9-27.3 |
g |
Male |
Adult |
5 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
25.3 |
|
22.3-30.5 |
g |
Female |
Adult |
5 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
23.3 |
|
21.0-26.8 |
g |
Female |
Juvenile |
5 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Metabolic Rate |
see citation |
figure of O2 consumption at varying ambient temperatures |
|
ml O2/g/hr |
Both Male and Female |
Both Adults and Juveniles |
5 bats/group |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Whitaker, John O., Jr., Chris Maser, and Stephen P. Cross
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Sample Size |
Type |
Dietary Composition |
Lepidoptera (20.0), unident. Orthoptera (60.0), unident. insects (20.0) |
Percent volume of stomach contents |
% |
Not Reported |
Not Reported |
5 bats |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Dickinson, Vanessa M., Timothy Duck, Cecil R. Schwalbe and James L. Jarchow
Publisher
Arizona Game and Fish Department Research Branch, Technical Report No. 21
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Error |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Body Weight - Mean |
3.28 |
median carapace length = 254.3 mm |
0.56 SD |
kg |
Male |
Adult |
City Creek and Paradise Canyon, Washington County, UT and Littlefield, Mohave County, AZ |
55 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
2.65 |
median carapace length = 237.6 mm |
0.39 SD |
kg |
Female |
Adult |
City Creek and Paradise Canyon, Washington County, UT and Littlefield, Mohave County, AZ |
20 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Germano, David J.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Description |
Range |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Age at Sexual Maturity |
determined from ages at which females exceeded the minimum carapace length for tortoises with eggs |
13.8 - 15.7 |
yr |
Female |
Adult |
Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts |
Not Reported |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Growth Rate |
mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means |
9.9 - 10.9 |
mm/yr |
Both Male and Female |
|
Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts |
33 - 101 animals/site |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Growth Rate |
mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means |
8.4 - 12.3 |
mm/yr |
Both Male and Female |
|
Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts |
38 - 112 animals/site |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Growth Rate |
mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means |
9.1 - 11.2 |
mm/yr |
Both Male and Female |
|
Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts |
36 - 105 animals/site |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Growth Rate |
mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means |
6.0 - 7.9 |
mm/yr |
Both Male and Female |
|
Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts |
12 - 41 animals/site |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Growth Rate |
mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means |
9.1 - 10.4 |
mm/yr |
Both Male and Female |
|
Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts |
25-69 animals/site |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Germano, David J.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Description |
Range |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Longevity |
age estimated from scute annuli; oldest individual measured |
48 - 53 |
yr |
Not Reported |
Adult |
Mojave, Sonoran and Sinaloan deserts |
574 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Germano, David J. and Michele A. Joyner
Publisher
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-166
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Error |
Range |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Population Density |
59 |
|
19-173 (95% CI) |
|
#/km2 |
Both Male and Female |
Both Adults and Juveniles |
Piute Valley |
|
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Survival/ Mortality |
|
range of per capita mortality rates (k) for 2 time periods |
|
0.08 - 0.21 |
/yr |
Both Male and Female |
Both Adults and Juveniles |
Piute Valley |
115-130 animals/time period |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
BW = 0.000505(CL)^2.826 |
regression of carapace length (CL; 80 - 260mm) to body weight (BW; g) |
|
|
g |
Both Male and Female |
Both Adults and Juveniles |
Piute Valley |
53 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Hampton, Anne M.
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Range |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Clutch or Litter Size |
3 |
estimated from eggshell fragments in nest |
1-9 |
eggs/nest |
Female |
Adult |
Fremont Valley |
15 nests |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Population Density |
300 |
|
|
#/mi2 |
Not Reported |
Not Reported |
Fremont Valley |
Not Reported |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Hansen, Richard M., Mark K. Johnson and Thomas R. Van Devender
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Dietary Composition |
Threeawn (Aristida spp., 22 +/- 6%); Globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp., 21 +/- 6%); Slim tridens (Tridens muticus, 20 +/- 7%); Foxtail brome (Bromus rubens, 19 +/- 3%); Red grama (Bouteloua trifida, 6 +/- 3%) and Sedge (Carex spp., 3 +/- 1%) |
% of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) |
% |
Not Reported |
Not Reported |
Lower Grand Canyon, Mohave County (elev. 450 m) |
66 fecal pellets |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Dietary Composition |
Threeawn (Aristida spp., 16 +/- 5%); Globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp., 6 +/- 3%); Slim tridens (Tridens muticus, 50 +/- 8%); Bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri, 17 +/- 7%); and Slender janusia (Janusia gracilis, 11 +/- 5%) |
% of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) |
% |
Not Reported |
Not Reported |
New Water Mountains, Yuma County (elev. 490 m) |
18 fecal pellets |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Dietary Composition |
Foxtail brome (Bromus rubens, 64 +/- 4%); Redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium, 23 +/- 5%); Common winterfat (Eurotia lanata, 6 +/- 4%) and Vetch (Astragalus and Oxytropis, 4 +/- 2%) |
% of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) |
% |
Not Reported |
Not Reported |
Beaver Dam Wash, Washington County (elev. 1000 m) |
30 fecal pellets |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Henen, Brian T.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Error |
Range |
Units |
Sex |
Life Cycle Stage |
Location |
Sample Size |
Type |
Body Weight - Mean |
1578 |
annual, time-weighted body mass |
244 SD |
|
g |
Female |
Adult |
Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] |
9 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
32.9 |
egg weight |
5.1 SD |
|
g |
Not Reported |
Embryo |
Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] |
6 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Fat (total or %) |
6.13 |
% lipid content of fresh egg mass |
|
|
% |
Not Reported |
Embryo |
Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] |
6 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Clutch or Litter Size |
3.56 |
estimated by x-raying females |
1.94 SD |
|
eggs/female |
Female |
Adult |
Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] |
9 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Metabolic Rate |
|
range of mean field metabolic rates, estimated using doubly labeled water |
|
4.38 - 50.45 |
kJ/d |
Female |
Adult |
Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] |
9 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Time of Torpor or Hibernation |
Sept. - Mar. |
|
|
|
|
Female |
Adult |
Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] |
9 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Citation:
Author(s)
Jackson, Crawford G., Jr., John A. Trotter, Thomas H. Trotter and Mary W. Trotter
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type |
Endpoint Value |
Endpoint Description |
Error |
Range |
Units |
Sex |
Sample Size |
Type |
Body Weight - Mean |
BW = 0.00049(CL)^2.795 |
Body Weight (BW;150 - 1500 g) and carapace length (CL; 100-300 mm) relationship |
|
|
g |
Not Reported |
7 data points, each based on the average of 4 animals |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
413 |
|
25.3 SE |
371-485 |
g |
Not Reported |
4 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
1128 |
|
57.6 SE |
968-1243 |
g |
Not Reported |
4 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean |
1452 |
|
99.4 SE |
1156-1580 |
g |
Not Reported |
4 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Growth Rate |
715 |
|
|
597-775 |
g/yr |
Not Reported |
4 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Growth Rate |
324 |
|
|
188-387 |
g/yr |
Not Reported |
4 |
Exposure Factor Datasets |
Comment