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Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica

Citation:

Life history of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Morrell, Stephen
Pages
162-174
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly averages (Jan.-Dec.) 3.8-5.5 lbs Male Adult Buena Vista Valley 1-4 foxes/month Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly averages (Jan.-Dec.) 4.4-5.6 lbs Female Adult Buena Vista Valley 1-5 foxes/month Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate growth rate observed in repeatedly trapped pups 0.75-1 lb/month Both Male and Female Pup Buena Vista Valley Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 3-5 pups Female Adult Buena Vista Valley 5 litters Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition February-March Female Adult Buena Vista Valley Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Kangaroo rats (80.7%), rabbits (46.2%), squirrels (9.6%), cottontails (5.8%), pocket mouse (1.9%), unident. insects (59.6%), scorpions (17.3%), Jerusalem crickets (13.5%), insect larvae (11.5%), ants (9.6%), grasshoppers (5.8%), beetles (3.8%), spiders (1.9%) frequency of occurrence in scat analyses % Both Male and Female Not Reported 52 scat groups Exposure Factor Datasets

Gopherus agassizi

Citation:

Effects of incubation conditions on sex determination, hatching success, and growth of hatchling desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii

Author(s)
Spotila, James R., Linda C. Zimmerman, Christopher A. Binckley, Janice S. Grumbles, David C. Rostal, Albert List Jr., Eva C. Beyer, Kelly M. Phillips and Stanley J. Kemp
Pages
103-116
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean egg mass 20 - 40 g Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A comparison of populations of desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi, in grazed and ungrazed areas in Ivanpah Valley, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Philip A. Medica and Craig L. Lyons
Pages
139-162
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range 22 2.9 - 88.6 ha Both Male and Female Not Reported Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] 55 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1840-3820 g Both Male and Female Not Reported Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] 24 Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean clutch size 3.0-4.6 eggs/clutch Female Not Reported Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] 7-15 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Changes in desert tortoise populations at four study sites in California

Author(s)
Berry, Kristin H., Lori L. Nicholson, Steve Juarez and A. Peter Woodman
Pages
60-80
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density 15-27 #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles western Mojave desert, Fremont Peak 2 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 4.8 annual mortality rate for subadults and adults between 1973 and 1985 %/yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles western Mojave desert, Fremont Peak Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density range of 95% confidence intervals 64-155 #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles western Mojave desert, Kramer Hills 2 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 2.9 annual mortality rate for subadults and adults between 1980 and 1982 %/yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles western Mojave desert, Kramer Hills 2 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density range of 95% confidence intervals 42-94 #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Colorado desert, Chemehuevi Wash and Valley 2 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 2.2 annual mortality rate for subadults and adults from 1975 and 1982 %/yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Colorado desert, Chemehuevi Wash and Valley Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density range of 95% confidence intervals 120-283 #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Colorado desert, Chuckwalla Bench 2 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 2.3 annual mortality rate for subadults and adults from 1973 and 1982 %/yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Colorado desert, Chuckwalla Bench Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The distribution and abundance of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) on the Chocolate Mountains Aerial Gunnery Range

Author(s)
Berry, Kristin H., A. Peter Woodman, Lori L. Nicholson and Betty L. Burge
Pages
47-65
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density population density ranges in % of area (605 mi2) surveyed 0-25 (55% of area); 25-50 (39.7% of area); 50-250 (5% of area) #/mi2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Chocolate Mountains Aerial Gunnery Range Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Physiological ecology of desert tortoises in southern Nevada

Author(s)
Nagy, Kenneth A. and Philip A. Medica
Pages
73-92
Year
Issue
1
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Langloisia setosissima (39.5%); Camissonia munzii (34%); Oryzopsis hymenoides (14.5%); Bromus rubens (11.5%); other (0.5%) % total fresh volume (weighted annual mean) estimated from observations of feeding animals % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Rock Valley, Nye County 11 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 35.9 field metabolic rate, annual weighted mean 12.5-58.3 kJ/kg/d Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Rock Valley, Nye County 11 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Nov. - Mar. (151 d) hibernation period Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Rock Valley, Nye County 11 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 500 - 2200 g Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Rock Valley, Nye County 11 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Water Ingestion Rate 2.2 annual weight mean for water drinking rate 0 - 11.0 ml/kg/d Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Rock Valley, Nye County 11 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 4.52 annual weighted mean 0 - 15.6 g dry matter/kg/d Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Rock Valley, Nye County 11 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range size and movements by desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, in the eastern Mojave desert

Author(s)
O'Connor, Michael P., Linda C. Zimmerman, Douglas E. Ruby, Susan J. Bulova and James R. Spotila
Pages
60-71
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range minimum convex polygon home ranges determined from telemetered tortoises recaptured at least 17 times, corrected for # of sightings 12.7 - 72.1 ha Both Male and Female Not Reported Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, Las Vegas (elev., 800 m) 15 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth in captive Gopherus agassizi

Author(s)
Patterson, Robert and Bayard Brattstrom
Pages
169-171
Year
Issue
2
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Type
Growth Rate 45.6 (0-hatching); 78.2 (0-5 yrs); 122.6 (5-10 yrs); 164.2 (10-15 yrs); 232.0 (15-20 yrs); 257.3 (20-25 yrs); 274.0 (25-30 yrs) mean carapace length for tortoises aged 0 - 30 yrs. mm Not Reported 1-6 animals/age group Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age-size relationships of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizi) in southern Nevada

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Philip A. Medica and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
974-979
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1987
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Growth Rate PL(mm) = 7.25(Age) + 50.1 linear regression equation relating plastron length (PL; 48-221 mm) to Age (1-26 yrs) Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Rock Valley, Nye County (elev., 1020m) 15 animals; repeated measurements Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 17-20 yr Female Adult Rock Valley, Nye County (elev., 1020m) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size determined by x-ray examination of females 4-5 eggs/clutch Female Adult Rock Valley, Nye County (elev., 1020m) 3 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Egg production by the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Page Hayden, Betty L. Burge and Jan B. Roberson
Pages
93-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of means for 3 yrs; based on x-ray examination (overall range = 1-8) 4.17 - 5.12 eggs/clutch Female Adult Ivanpah Valley, Goffs 20-26 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year range of means for 3 yrs; overall range = 1-3 1.57 - 1.89 clutches/yr Female Adult Ivanpah Valley, Goffs 20-26 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June egg laying Female Adult Ivanpah Valley, Goffs 20-26 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population ecology of the desert tortoise at Goffs, San Bernadino County, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Kristin H. Berry, Betty L. Burge, Page Hayden, Lori Nicholson and Jan Bickett
Pages
68-81
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.17 estimated by x-ray examination 0.22SE 1-7 eggs/clutch Female Adult Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) 35 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year 1.9 0.1SE Female Adult Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) 19 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying July - Oct. mating Both Male and Female Adult Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition autumn hatching Both Male and Female Hatchling Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 97.8 annual survival rate for subadults and adults % Female Both Adults and Juveniles Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction and survival of the desert tortoise (Scaptochelys agassizii) in Ivanpah Valley, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Philip A. Medica and Craig L. Lyons
Pages
811-820
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1984
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition grasses (3.6-33%); cacti (37.0-86.9%); annuals (5.0-18.6%); perennials other than cacti (0.8-2.7%); seeds (3.3-16.0%); other (0.4-2.6%) relative frequency of material in fresh scat, range for 2 sampling periods over 2 years % Both Male and Female Adult Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] 189-195 scat samples/yr Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 2.29 0.05SE 1.69-3.27 kg Female Adult Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] 51 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
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