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Masticophis lateralis ssp. euryxanthus

Citation:

Observations on the reproduction, courtship, and aggressive behavior of the striped racer, Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus (Reptilia, Serpentes, Columbridae)

Author(s)
Hammerson, Geoffrey A.
Pages
253-255
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation time from mating to egg laying 47 - 55 d Female Adult outdoor enclosures, Hayward, CA 2 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean egg weight 7.50 - 8.10 g Not Reported Embryo outdoor enclosures, Hayward, CA 10 Exposure Factor Datasets

Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. parietalis

Citation:

Sex and seasonal differences in metabolism in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

Author(s)
Crews, David, Mark Grassman, William R. Garstka, Andrew Halpert and Brian Camazine
Pages
2362-2368
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean range of means 32.42 - 42.50 g Male Adult 5 animals/6 sampling dates Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of resting oxygen consumption ml O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 5-10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

An ecological study of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
493-564
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 21 - 410 g Female Adult Douglas and Jefferson Counties Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 14 - 110 g Male Adult Douglas and Jefferson Counties Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1.88 0.029 0.7 - 2.5 g Not Reported Neonate 151 Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 14.5 4 - 29 young/litter Female Adult Douglas and Jefferson Counties 132 Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Female Adult Douglas and Jefferson Counties Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 35.0 circular home range estimated from radius acres Male Adult Douglas and Jefferson Counties 39 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 22.7 circular home range estimated from radius acres Female Adult Douglas and Jefferson Counties 102 Exposure Factor Datasets

Masticophis lateralis ssp. lateralis

Citation:

Reproduction and food of some California snakes

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
17-19
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 6 - 7 eggs/female Female Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets

Masticophis lateralis, Thamnophis sirtalis

Citation:

Reproduction and food of some California snakes

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
17-19
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4 - 29 eggs/female Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets

Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. fitchi

Citation:

Variation in clutch and litter size in New World reptiles

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
28
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 11.32 based on embryo count 0.98 5 - 23 eggs/litter Female Adult 22 Exposure Factor Datasets

Thamnophis sirtalis

Citation:

The feeding habits of California garter snakes

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
1-32
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Slug (1.4%); Earthworm (23.6%); Frog, Rana (6.9%); Toad, Bufo and Scaphiopus (30.5%); Tree Toad (20.8%); Leech (4.0%); Tadpole (10%); Minnow (1.4%); Unidentified fish (1.4%) % of total recorded food items % Not Reported Not Reported 48 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Geographic variation in reproductive characteristics among Canadian populations of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Author(s)
Gregory, Patrick T. and Karl W. Larsen
Pages
946-958
Year
Volume
1993
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of site means based on sum of live and dead young and undeveloped eggs at parturition 7.6 - 23.0 young/litter Female Adult 4 - 30/site Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of site means 1.4 - 3.0 g Not Reported Neonate 48 - 203/site Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Garter snake diets in a fluctuating environment: A seven-year study

Author(s)
Kephart, Donald G. and Stevan J. Arnold
Pages
1232-1236
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Anurans (67%); Fish (11%); Leeches (22%) % of stomachs containing prey item % Not Reported Not Reported Eagle Lake (elev., 1555m) [lat., 40^o33'24"N; long., 120^o47'5" W] 36 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproductive ecology of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, at the northern limit of its range

Author(s)
Larsen, Karl W. and Patrick T. Gregory
Pages
336-345
Year
Volume
129
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 12.5 4.95 (SD) 5 - 25 young/litter Female Adult captured at Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada 23 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 2.6 0.4 SD 0.95 - 3.80 g Not Reported Neonate captured at Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada 187 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A preliminary study of Thamnophis near Sagehen Creek, California

Author(s)
White, Marshall and James A. Kolb
Pages
126-136
Year
Volume
1974
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 41 2 - 113 g Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Kyburz Flat 160 Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Hyla (55.5%); Catostomus (21.8%); Microtus (5.4%); Rhinichthys (11.5%) % of total volume of stomach contents % Both Male and Female Not Reported Kyburz Flat <110 Exposure Factor Datasets

Enhydra lutris

Citation:

Heat production and body surface area in seals and sea otters

Author(s)
Iverson, J.A. and J. Krog
Pages
51-54
Year
Issue
1
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate see Figure 1 oxygen consumption measured at 15-20 C Not Reported Not Reported 2 Exposure Factor Datasets
Surface Area see Figure 3 estimated surface area Not Reported Not Reported 2 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey

Author(s)
Doroff, Angela M. and James L. Bodkin
Pages
193-208
Publisher
Academic Press, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition clams (34-61%), mussels (7-20%), crabs (2-11%), other invertebrates (4-5%), unknown prey (12-33%) relative occurences of prey items in diet, based on observation (range crosses three locations) Not Reported Adult Prince William Sound 752-833 foraging dives/site Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction, survival and tag loss in California sea otters

Author(s)
Siniff, Donald B., and Katherine Ralls
Pages
211-229
Year
Issue
3
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Clutches or Litters per year 0.9 annual reproductive rate based on number of pups born during monitoring period pups/year Female Adult 13 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.58 pup survival rate to weaning Not Reported Juvenile 19 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning <80 or >120 estimate time period that pups spent with mothers d Not Reported Juvenile 24 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 11 oldest animal captured in study yr Female Adult 1 animal Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Water pollution and otter distribution: A review

Author(s)
Mason, C.F.
Pages
97-131
Year
Issue
2
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality review Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Activity and prey selection in the sea otter: Influence of population status on community structure

Author(s)
Estes, James A., Ronald J. Jameson, and Elaine B. Rhodes
Pages
242-258
Year
Issue
2
Volume
120
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition sea urchins (47.8-70.2%), mussels (0.4-3.1%), sea stars (0.5-0.8%), crabs (1.4-5.2%), clams (0.4-1.8%), octopus (0.0-0.9%), anemone (0.0-0.2%), algal holdfasts (0.0-2.6%), fish (0.0-12.3%), fish eggs (0.0-0.9%), chitons (0.2-0.8%), coralline algae (0.0-0.2%), unknown (14.6-26.7%), unsuccessful (3.4-7.1%) percentage (ranges) of total dives that resulted in capture of different prey items at three locations Not Reported Not Reported Amchitka and Attu (Aleutian Islands), and Blanco Reef, OR 425-584 dives/location Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Temporal and spatial patterns in sea otter, Enhydra lutris, range expansion and in the loss of pismo clam fisheries

Author(s)
Wendell, Frederick E., Robert A. Hardy, Jack A. Ames and Richard T. Bruce
Pages
197-212
Year
Issue
4
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition pismo clams (559), unidentified bivalves (1), rock crabs (1), market crabs (1), unidentified crabs (1), unidentied food items (15) number of prey retreived, based on observations from shore Not Reported Not Reported Pismo Beach 578 observed retrievals Exposure Factor Datasets

Microtus californicus

Citation:

Nutritional ecology of microtine rodents: digestibility of forage

Author(s)
Batzli, G. O., and F. Russell Cole
Pages
740-750
Year
Issue
4
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate 897 ingested energy; fed rabbit pellets for 21 d 28 SE cal/g/d Not Reported 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 1115 ingested energy; fed bromegrass for 21 d 35 SE cal/g/d Not Reported 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 693 ingested energy; fed ryegrass seeds for 21 d 22 SE cal/g/d Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 450 metabolizable energy; equivalent to average daily metabolic rate 16 SE cal/g/d Not Reported 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 504 metabolizable energy; equivalent to average daily metabolic rate 28 SE cal/g/d Not Reported 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 485 metabolizable energy; equivalent to average daily metabolic rate 16 SE cal/g/d Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Intraspecific litter size variation in Microtus californicus II. variation between populations

Author(s)
Krohne, David T.
Pages
1174-1182
Year
Issue
6
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 25.8 median weight at sexual maturity g Male Adult Sea Ranch 33 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 24.4 median weight at sexual maturity g Female Adult Sea Ranch 30 Exposure Factor Datasets
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