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Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary Composition | seeds (96.1%), green vegetation (1.1%), insects (2.8%) | percent of diet by volume based on crop analysis | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | New Mexico State University Ranch | 38 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Dietary Composition | seeds (99.9%), green vegetation (0.1%) | percent of diet by volume based on crop analysis | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | New Mexico State University Ranch | 42 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population Density | 250-330 | density of breeding pairs | pairs/220 acres | Both Male and Female | Adult | Lewis, Cass County | 220 acres | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Clutches or Litters per year | 5.85-5.98 | average number of nest attempts by individual pairs | nests/year | Both Male and Female | Adult | Lewis, Cass County | 1108-1443 nests/year | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.8 | average number of fledglings produced per successful nest | fledglings/nest | Not Reported | Fledgling | Lewis, Cass County | 1108-1443 nests/year | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Survival/ Mortality | 13.7% | percent of young hatched that did not survive to fledging | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | Lewis, Cass County | 3580 hatchlings | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clutch or Litter Size | 2 | average clutch size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | near Auburn | 592 clutches | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 14 | d | Not Reported | Embryo | near Auburn | 5 cases | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
Hatching Success | 226 (both eggs); 56 (one egg) | number of nests in which one or both eggs hatched | Not Reported | Hatchling | near Auburn | 592 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | 11-13 | d | Not Reported | Fledgling | near Auburn | 136 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foraging Distance | distance flown from night roosts to feeding sites | 3-12 | km | Not Reported | Not Reported | Jackson County (elev. 430 m) | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
Dietary Composition | haygrazer (15-96%), wheat (trace-31%), pricklepoppy (trace-19%), panic grass (trace-33%), maize (3-76%), pigweed (trace-14%), sunflower (trace-10%), spurge (trace-17%), wild bean (trace-44%), others (1-6%) | percent consumption by weight of 9 most frequently eaten foods (range over 7 months) | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | Jackson County (elev. 430 m) | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Error | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight - Mean | 114.3 | mean body weight | 3.3 SE | g | Female | Juvenile | 5 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Age at Sexual Maturity | 93 | age at which birds were judged capable of reproduction | d | Female | Juvenile | 58 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Error | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Ingestion Rate | 71 | intake based on analysis of crop contents | 66.6-75.4 95% CI | kcal/day/bird | Not Reported | Adult | captured in Grand Forks County, ND | 120 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Dietary Composition | green foxtail (39.8%), yellow foxtail (21.4%), wheat (19.6%), black bindweed (5.1%), maize (4.7%), proso millet (3.0%), flax (2.0%), field mustard (1.6%), lamb's quarters (1.2%) | percent occurrence in diet by weight | % | Not Reported | Adult | captured in Grand Forks County, ND | 120 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Error | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight - Mean | 108 | average body weight | 14.7 | 91-144 | g | Not Reported | Not Reported | captured in Santa Monica Mountains | 11 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Water Ingestion Rate | 6.9 | daily ad libitum water consumption of captive birds as percent of body weight | 0.9 | % body weight/day | Not Reported | Not Reported | captured in Santa Monica Mountains | 11 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight - Mean | 7.7 | average body weight | g | Not Reported | Hatchling | near Orondo, Douglas County | 15 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Body Weight - Mean | 79.0 | average body weight | g | Not Reported | Fledgling | near Orondo, Douglas County | 15 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary Composition | halogeton (22.0% +/- 33.9), pigweed (3.9% +/- 13.5), common vetch (4.1% +/-17.9), Indian ricegrass (26.1% +/- 37.6), collomia(6.7% +/- 21.6), barnyard grass (0.3% +/- 5.0), gromwell (0.4% +/- 3.7), wheat (13.2% +/- 29.9), oats (0.6% +/- 4.2), cottonwood (1.6% +/- 11.6), other species (1.7% +/- 7.9), grit (13.9% +/- 23.9) | percent occurrence by mass in crop contents (mean +/- SD) | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | Idaho National Engineering Laboratory | 223 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time of Nesting | April-October | period from onset of egg laying through fledging | Both Male and Female | Adult | Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County | ~81 nests/year | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
Population Density | range of total annual nesting population, over 3 yrs | 65-100 | pairs | Both Male and Female | Adult | Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County | 65-100 pairs | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
Fledging or Weaning Rate | number of young fledged per nesting attempt | 1.09-1.21 | fledglings/nest | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County | ~81 nests/year | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
Survival/ Mortality | 37.3% (before hatch), 9.2% (after hatch) | percent of eggs or young lost before and after hatch | Both Male and Female | Embryo, Juvenile | Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County | 634 eggs | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time of Nesting | March-September | period of active nesting | Both Male and Female | Adult | Texas A&M College campus | 648 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
Population Density | 165 | peak monthly nesting density in study area | nests/81 acres | Both Male and Female | Adult | Texas A&M College campus | 648 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
Clutches or Litters per year | 4.4 | mean number of nest attempts made per pair per year | 3-6 | nests/yr | Both Male and Female | Adult | Texas A&M College campus | 7 marked pairs | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Fledging or Weaning Rate | 6.7 | mean number of fledglings produced per adult female | fledglings/female | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | Texas A&M College campus | 7 marked pairs | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
Survival/ Mortality | 86% | estimated mortality rate in the first year, based on band returns | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | Texas A&M College campus | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population Density | 9.08 (76) | mean density of breeding birds (maximum density in parentheses) | pairs/square mile | Both Male and Female | Adult | 130 sample units (160 acres/unit) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fledging or Weaning Rate | 37.3 | percent of all nests in which nestlings reached 10 d of age | % | Both Male and Female | Adult | Davisdale Wildlife Area (39deg01.3'N,92deg37.5'W) | 83 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population Density | figures | Figures of yearly and monthly nest density estimates | nests/ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | near Guanica and Cabo Rojo | 48-158 transects | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Fledging or Weaning Rate | 21% | nest success estimate based on Mayfield method | % | Both Male and Female | Adult | near Cidra, Guanica, and Cabo Rojo | 27 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Tox Exposure | Toxicity Endpoint Type | Tox Exposure Duration | Tox Exposure Technique | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEXACARBATE | 2.83 mg/kg | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 8 | NR | TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks | single | gavage | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Tox Exposure | Toxicity Endpoint Type | Tox Exposure Duration | Tox Exposure Technique | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACEPHATE, CARBARYL, DIAZINON | no effect | percent nest success, eggs hatched, and nestlings fledged | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Winnebago, Outagamie, Calumet Counties | 37 nests | 601 ppm acephate, 1196 ppm carbaryl, or 598 ppm diazinon application rates | TOX-REPRO - reproductive success | NR | field application | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
CARBARYL | decreased at 1196 ppm carbaryl | plasma cholinesterase activity | Both Male and Female | Nestling | Winnebago, Outagamie, Calumet Counties | 37 nests | 1196 ppm carbaryl application rate | TOX-EXP IND - biomarkers | NR | field application | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
ACEPHATE, CARBARYL, DIAZINON | no effect | brain cholinesterase activity | Both Male and Female | Nestling | Winnebago, Outagamie, Calumet Counties | 37 nests | 601 ppm acephate, 1196 ppm carbaryl, or 598 ppm diazinon application rates | TOX-EXP IND - biomarkers | NR | field application | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Tox Exposure | Toxicity Endpoint Type | Tox Exposure Duration | Tox Exposure Technique | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4,5-) | increased post-application from 1 to 4.1 birds per 40 ha | population density | Adult | Truckee area | 9 censuses pre- and post-spray | 0.72 kg/ha | TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - indirect effects | NR | field application | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Tox Exposure | Toxicity Endpoint Type | Tox Exposure Duration | Tox Exposure Technique | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AZINPHOS-METHYL (GUTHION), DIMETHOATE, ENDOSULFAN, METHYLPARATHION, PARATHION, PERMETHRIN, THIRAM, ZIRAM | decreased in conventional orchards | daily survival rates | Not Reported | Nestling | York Springs, Adams Co. | 29 conventional nests | organic or conventional pest management (standard application rates) | TOX-MORT - mortality in the field | breeding period | field application | Toxicity Factor Datasets |