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Falco sparverius

Citation:

Bird poisonings with cyclodienes in suburbia: Links to historic use on turf

Author(s)
Okoniewski, Joseph C. and Elizabeth Novesky
Pages
630-639
Year
Issue
3
Volume
57
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, OXYCHLORDANE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS increased occurence of wild birds dying diagnosed with organochlorine poisoning Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 5 kestrels 0.17-12.0 (DDE), 0.61-6.55 (PCBs), 0.08-5.17 (heptachlor epoxide), 1.97-5.15 (oxychlordane), 0.38-3.26 (trans-nonachlor), 0.75-3.70 (dieldrin) wet wt in brain TOX-MORT - mortality in the field NR NR Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Accumulation and effects in birds

Author(s)
Peakall, D.B.
Pages
31-47
Publisher
CRC Press, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Toxicity Endpoint Type Type
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects Toxicity Factor Datasets
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks Toxicity Factor Datasets

Falco peregrinus

Citation:

Environmental contaminants in Canadian peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus: a toxicological assessment

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., David G. Noble, John E. Elliot, James D. Somers, and Gary Erickson
Pages
244-254
Year
Issue
2
Volume
104
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) review concentrations of chemicals in eggs and diet associated with mortality and eggshell thinning (various raptor species) Not Reported Adult Not Reported NR TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DIELDRIN review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-MORT - dose-response data NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DIELDRIN review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced productivity (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-MORT - dose-response data NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) Not Reported Adult Not Reported NR TOX-REPRO - reproductive success NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-MORT - dose-response data NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
OXYCHLORDANE review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-MORT - dose-response data NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-REPRO - reproductive success NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
HEXACHLOROBENZENE review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-REPRO - reproductive success NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
MERCURY COMPOUNDS review concentrations in brain and liver associated with mortality (various avian species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-MORT - dose-response data NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
MERCURY COMPOUNDS review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various avian species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported NR TOX-REPRO - reproductive success NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Shell thinning in eggs of Ungava peregrines

Author(s)
Berger, Daniel D., Daniel W. Anderson, James D. Weaver, and Robert W. Risebrough
Pages
265-267
Year
Volume
84
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-) 12.7 +/- 8.7 ppm (wet wt), 253 +/- 160 ppm (lipid wt) mean (+/-SE) DDE concentration in eggs Female Adult Ungava region, Quebec; islands of Northwest Territories 10 eggs 334 +/- 95 ppm in fat (mean +/-SE; lipid basis) of adult females TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 21% decrease eggshell thickness compared to pre-1940 museum specimens Female Adult Ungava region, Quebec; islands of Northwest Territories 21 eggs from 12 clutches mean +/- SE concentrations, ppm: 253 +/- 160 (eggs); 334 +/- 95 (fat of adult females, lipid basis) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

DDE residues and eggshell characteristics of reestablished peregrines in the eastern United States

Author(s)
Gilroy, Martin J., and John H. Barclay
Pages
403-411
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, OXYCHLORDANE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 12.1% percent eggshell thinning (as indicated by Ratcliffe Index) compared to pre-1947 eggs Not Reported Embryo Mid-Atlantic coastal and urban breeding sites 39 eggs range of concentrations in eggs, ppm, wet wt : 2.5-18 (DDT and metabolites); 0.06-0.47 (heptachlor epoxide); 0.16-0.82 (oxychlordane); 2.1-19 (PCBs) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Organochlorines and eggshell thinning in peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus eggs from the eastern United States

Author(s)
Burns, S.A., W.M. Jarman, T.J. Cade, L.F. Kiff and B.J. Walton
Pages
709-716
Publisher
Pica Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 11% decrease eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult eastern U.S. coast 112 eggs geometric mean concentrations in eggs (n=37), ppm, wet wt: 7.8 (DDE) and 8.9 (PCBs) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Eggshell thickness and contaminant analysis of reintroduced, urban nesting peregrine falcons in Wisconsin

Author(s)
Septon, Greg A., and Jim B. Marks
Pages
25-30
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
AROCLOR 1248, AROCLOR 1254, AROCLOR 1260, DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS no effect eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult urban nest sites 9 eggs mean concentrations in 7 eggs, ppm, wet wt: 3.61 (DDE); 0.026 (DDT); 5.71 (Aroclor 1260); 0.446 (Aroclor 1248); 0.16 (Aroclor 1254); 0.163 (Hg) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Organochlorines in Alaskan peregrine falcon eggs and their current impact on productivity

Author(s)
Ambrose, Robert E., Charles J. Henny, Robin E. Hunter, and John A. Crawford
Pages
385-393
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-) 13.1% and 13.6% decreases in tundrius and anatum ssp. eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 21 and 34 eggs for tundrius and anatum ssp. 9.3-10.6 ppm DDE, wet wt, in eggs of tundrius and anatum ssp. TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Eggshell thinning and DDE residue levels among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus: A global perspective.

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., and Lloyd F. Kiff
Pages
200-204
Year
Issue
2
Volume
121
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-) review eggshell thickness compared to that of pre-1945 eggs Female Adult Not Reported NR TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

The relative importance of DDE and dieldrin in the decline of peregrine falcon populations.

Author(s)
Nisbet, Ian C.T.
Pages
351-375
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DIELDRIN review mortality in conjunction with pesticide use and residues in birds Not Reported Adult Not Reported NR TOX-MORT - mortality in the field NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Organochlorine residues in Alaskan peregrines

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., Tom J. Cade, Clayton M. White, and John R. Haugh
Pages
255-260
Year
Issue
4
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-) 7.4-8.3% percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs Female Adult Amchitka 3-7 eggs/year 25.0-39.8 ppm, dry wt, in eggs (range of annual means) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 16.8-24.9% percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs Female Adult Colville, Yukon, Tanana Rivers 3-11 eggs/year 105.6-344.3 ppm, dry wt, in eggs (range of annual means) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Pollutants and eggshell thinning in peregrines and their prey in the Baja California region

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D., and M. Alan Jenkins
Pages
413-421
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 2.4-25.0 (DDE); 0.5-10.6 (PCBs); 0.2-4.2 (Hg) residues in eggs (ppm, wet wt) Female Adult Gulf of California 5 eggs (from 5 nests) range of residues in 8 prey species, whole body or muscle, ppm wet wt: 0.44-7.45 (DDE); 0.02-1.67 (PCBs); 0.3-3.15 (Hg) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS +2 to 16% percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult Gulf of California 5 eggs (from 5 nests) range of residues in eggs, ppm, wet wt: 2.4-25.0 (DDE); 0.5-10.6 (PCBs); 0.2-4.2 (Hg) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Long term trends and sources of organochlorine contamination in Canadian tundra peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus tundrius

Author(s)
Johnstone, Robin M., Gordon S. Court, Adrian C. Fesser, D. Mark Bradley, Lynn W. Oliphant, and James D. MacNeil
Pages
109-120
Year
Issue
2
Volume
93
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 8.31 (1.67-45.63; PCBs); 4.45 (0.76-28.05; DDE); 0.36 (0.05-1.80; dieldrin) geometric mean (range) residues in eggs, ppm, wet wt Female Adult Rankin Inlet 20 eggs geometric mean residues in prey species, ppm, wet wt: non-detect. - 2.11(DDE); non-detect. - 6.88 (PCBs); 0 - 0.51 (dieldrin) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR environmental contamination; diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 15% percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-DDT reference eggs Female Adult Rankin Inlet 20 eggs geometric mean (range) residues in eggs, ppm, wet wt: 8.31 (1.67-45.63; PCBs); 4.45 (0.76-28.05; DDE); 0.36 (0.05-1.80; dieldrin) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 0.12 (0-2.59; PCBs); 0.06 (0-2.70; DDE); ND (0-0.06; dieldrin) geometric mean residues (range) in plasma, ppm, wet wt of nestlings Not Reported Juvenile Rankin Inlet 79 nestlings geometric mean residues in prey species, ppm, wet wt: non-detect. - 2.11(DDE); non-detect. - 6.88 (PCBs); 0 - 0.51 (dieldrin) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS males: 0.15 (0-3.27; PCBs); 0.31 (0.05-1.95; DDE); 0.03 (0-0.30; dieldrin) females: 0.87 (0-6.82; PCBs); 0.63 (0-4.23; DDE); 0.04 (0-0.37; dieldrin) geometric mean residues (range) in plasma, ppm, wet wt of adult birds Both Male and Female Adult Rankin Inlet 26 males, 34 females geometric mean residues in prey species, ppm, wet wt: non-detect. - 2.11(DDE); non-detect. - 6.88 (PCBs); 0 - 0.51 (dieldrin) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS liver: 1.58-59.45, PCBs; 0.99-18.84, DDE; 0.06-0.79, dieldrin breast: 0.35-57.30, PCBs; 0.30-16.95, DDE; 0-0.19, dieldrin range of residues in liver and breast muscle (ppm, wet wt) of 22-31 day old nestlings found dead Not Reported Juvenile Rankin Inlet 7 birds geometric mean residues in prey species, ppm, wet wt: non-detect. - 2.11(DDE); non-detect. - 6.88 (PCBs); 0 - 0.51 (dieldrin) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in peregrines and their prey species from northern Canada

Author(s)
Enderson, James H. and Daniel D. Berger
Pages
149-153
Year
Issue
2
Volume
70
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE no effect number of viable eggs or young versus "normal" nest success Not Reported Juvenile Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers 15 nests mean residue concentrations in fat of nesting females (ppm, wet wt): 37.3 (DDT), 284 (DDE), 39.5 (DDD), 3.3 (dieldrin), 4.4 (heptachlor epoxide) TOX-REPRO - reproductive success NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE 0.9-7.2 (DDT); 10.4-41.8 (DDE); 0.9-3.4 (DDD); 0.3-2.0 (dieldrin); 0.2-1.2 (heptachlor epoxide) range of concentrations in eggs (ppm, wet wt) Female Adult Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers 7 eggs mean (+/- SE) concentrations in fat of nesting females, ppm, wet wt: 37.3 +/- 12.2 (DDT), 284 +/- 62 (DDE), 39.5 +/- 11.2 (DDD), 3.3 +/- 1.3 (dieldrin), 4.4 +/- 2.6 (heptachlor epoxide) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE 37.3 (DDT), 284 (DDE), 39.5 (DDD), 3.3 (dieldrin), 4.4 (heptachlor epoxide) mean residue concentrations in fat (ppm, wet wt) Female Adult Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers 9 birds mean (+/- SE) concentrations in 11 prey samples, ppm, wet wt: 0.13 +/- 0.18 (DDT), 0.66 +/- 0.67 (DDE), 0.11 +/- 0.16 (DDD), 0.01 +/- 0.02 (dieldrin), 0.05 +/- 0.04 (heptachlor epoxide) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

A toxicological assessment of peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus tundrius, breeding in the Keewatin District of the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, G.S., C.C. Gates, D.A. Boag, J.D. MacNeil, D.M. Bradley, A.C. Fesser, J.R. Patterson, G.B. Stenhouse, and L.W. Oliphant
Pages
255-272
Year
Issue
2
Volume
104
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 15.8% mean eggshell thinning compared to "pre-pesticide" reference eggs Female Adult Rankin Inlet 78 eggs geometric mean concentration in 52 eggs, ppm, wet wt: 7.59 (DDE); 8.74 (PCBs); 0.41 (dieldrin); 0.36 (heptachlor epoxide) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS log DDE in eggs = 0.9723 + 0.8506(log DDE in plasma); r = 0.66 log-log relationship between DDE in plasma of female birds and DDE in eggs Female Adult Rankin Inlet 10 females range of geometric mean concentrations in prey animals, ppm, wet wt: ND-4.22(DDE); ND-4.21 (PCBs); ND-0.19 (dieldrin); ND-1.73 (heptachlor epoxide) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

DDE in a resident Aleutian Island peregrine population

Author(s)
White, Clayton M., William B. Emison, and Francis S.L. Williamson
Pages
306-311
Year
Volume
75
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-) 1.89 (1.27-2.43) -6.96 (3.28-13.37) ppm, wet wt annual mean (range) concentrations in eggs Female Adult Amchitka Island 3-6 eggs/year whole body residues in prey species, ppm, wet wt: 0.006-1.884 TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 7.5% decrease eggshell thickness compared to "pre-pesticide" reference eggs Female Adult Amchitka Island 3-6 eggs/year annual mean concentrations in eggs (range), ppm, wet wt: 1.89 (1.27-2.43) to 6.96 (3.28-13.37) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

DDE residues and eggshell changes in Alaskan falcons and hawks

Author(s)
Cade, Tom J., Jeffrey L. Lincer, and Clayton M. White
Pages
955-957
Year
Volume
172
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-) 21.7% decrease (tundra population); 16.8% decrease (taiga population); 7.5% decrease (Aleutian population) eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult Colville River (tundra); Yukon River (taiga); Amchitka Island (Aleutian) 23 eggs (tundra pop.); 14 eggs (taiga pop.); 11 eggs (Aleutian pop.) mean concentration in eggs, ppm, lipid basis: 889 (tundra); 673 (taiga); 167 (Aleutian) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Peregrines and pesticides in Alaska

Author(s)
Cade, Tom J., Clayton M. White, and John R. Haugh
Pages
170-178
Year
Issue
2
Volume
70
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN 48.0 (DDE), 3.35 (DDD), 1.02 (DDT), 1.45 (dieldrin) mean concentrations of pesticides in eggs (ppm, dry weight) Female Adult Yukon River 2 eggs range of mean concentrations in prey items, ppm dry wt: 0.32-6.02 (DDE), 0.07-0.17 (DDD), 0.09-0.19 (DDT), 0.00-0.11 (dieldrin) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR environmental contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
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