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Anas platyrhynchos

Citation:

Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
261-269
Year
Issue
3
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 3.53 (+/- 1.43); lead-iron: 1.42 (+/- 0.65) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in kidneys (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 1.02 (+/- 0.22); lead-iron: 0.75 (+/- 0.10) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in kidneys (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 1.15 (+/- 0.29); lead-iron: 0.32 (+/- 0.05) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in liver (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 0.58 (+/- 0.19); lead-iron: 0.25 (+/- 0.02) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in liver (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased with increasing lead in bone number of eggs laid Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-REPRO - reproductive success single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased with lead shot (egg contents: 0.50 +/-0.06; egg shell: 2.80 +/-0.25 ppm, wet wt) and lead-iron shot (egg shell: 1.42 +/-0.26 ppm, wet wt) lead in egg contents and shell (mean +/- SE) versus controls Female Adult control=10 eggs; treatment=20 eggs 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
35-40
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD NITRATE decreased @ 3,000, 30,000 ppm, incubation day 3 exposure embyronic length and weight by incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 300, 3,000, 30,000 ppm lead in solution TOX-REPRO - development single 30 second exposure egg immersion in solution Toxicity Factor Datasets
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE decreased @ all doses embryo length or weight by incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 50, 500, 5,000 ppm mercury in solution TOX-REPRO - development single 30 second exposure egg immersion in solution Toxicity Factor Datasets
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE decreased @ 5,000 ppm, incub. day 3 exposure embryo survival through day 18 of incubation and % of survivors that were normal versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 50, 500, 5,000 ppm mercury in solution TOX-REPRO - development single 30 second exposure egg immersion in solution Toxicity Factor Datasets
FUEL OILS decreased @ 0.5, 5 ul/egg on incubation day 3 or 8 embryo survival to day 18 of incubation and % of survivors that were normal versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 0.5, 5 ul RDCO oil/egg TOX-REPRO - development single topical application Toxicity Factor Datasets
FUEL OILS decreased @ 0.5 ul/egg, incubation day 3 or 8 exposure embyronic length and weight by incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 0.5, 5 ul RDCO oil/egg TOX-REPRO - development single topical application Toxicity Factor Datasets
FUEL OILS decreased @ 2% emulsion, incubation day 8 exposure embryo survival through day 18 of incubation versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 0.2%, 2% aqueous spray oil emulsion TOX-REPRO - development single 30 second exposure egg immersion Toxicity Factor Datasets
ACETONE decreased @ 100% solution, incubation days 3 or 8 exposure embryo weight and length by incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 10%, 100% solution TOX-REPRO - development single 30 second exposure egg immersion Toxicity Factor Datasets
ACETONE decreased @ 100% solution, incubation days 3 or 8 exposure embryo survival through incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 10%, 100% solution TOX-REPRO - development single 30 second exposure egg immersion Toxicity Factor Datasets
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 0 survival @ 100% solution, incubation days 3 or 8 exposure embryo survival through incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 10%, 100% solution TOX-REPRO - development single 30 second exposure egg immersion Toxicity Factor Datasets
XYLENE no effect embryo survival, size, and incidence of abnormalities through incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group 0, 1%, 10% solution TOX-REPRO - development single 30 second exposure egg immersion Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sublethal effects of chronic lead ingestion in mallard ducks

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
929-937
Year
Volume
1
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD NITRATE decreased @ 25 ppm/3 wks, 5 ppm/12 wks delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in blood versus controls Male Adult 20/dose; 5/dose x time group 0, 1, 5, 25 ppm diet TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 3, 6, 9, or 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD NITRATE increased @ 25 ppm/3wks accumulation in livers and kidneys versus controls Male Adult 20/dose; 5/dose x time group 0, 1, 5, 25 ppm diet TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 3, 6, 9, or 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD NITRATE increased @ 5 ppm diet (66 +/-13 ppm blood) and @ 25 ppm diet (154 +/-28 ppm blood) lead concentration in blood after 12 weeks exposure (mean +/- SE) versus controls Male Adult 20/dose; 5/dose x time group 0, 1, 5, 25 ppm diet TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 3, 6, 9, or 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD NITRATE no effect body weight and food consumption versus controls Male Adult 20/group 0, 1, 5, 25 ppm diet TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal 3, 6, 9, or 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Influence of dietary calcium on lead poisoning in mallard ducks (Anas platyrynchos)

Author(s)
Carlson, Brent L. and Svend W. Nielsen
Pages
276-282
Year
Issue
1
Volume
46
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) increased in all groups dosed with lead shot incidence of clinical signs, weight loss, breast muscle atrophy Both Male and Female Adult treatment = 10/group control = 5 0, 4 #four lead shot; combined with commerical feed, Ca- supplemented corn diet, or corn only diet TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased with Pb/corn+Ca (50%), and Pb/corn only (100%) % mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Adult treatment = 10/group control = 5 0, 4 #four lead shot; combined with commerical feed, Ca- supplemented corn diet, or corn only diet TOX-MORT - dose-response data single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased in Pb/commerical (hemoglobin only), Pb/corn+Ca, and Pb/corn only red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration versus controls Both Male and Female Adult treatment = 10/group control = 5 0, 4 #four lead shot; combined with commerical feed, Ca-supplemented corn diet, or corn only diet TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased with Pb/corn + Ca, Pb/corn only blood protoporphyrin concentrations versus controls Both Male and Female Adult treatment = 10/group control = 5 0, 4 #four lead shot; combined with commerical feed, Ca-supplemented corn diet, or corn only diet TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of 15 common environmental pollutants on eggshell thickness in mallards and coturnix

Author(s)
Haegele, Max A. and Richard K. Tucker
Pages
98-102
Year
Issue
1
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-) decreased @ 500, 1000, 5000 mg/kg bw post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness Female Adult 5/group 0, 500, 1000, 5000 mg/kg bw TOX-REPRO - physiology single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
AROCLOR 1254 decreased @ 1000 mg/kg bw post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness Female Adult 5/group 0, 1000 mg/kg bw TOX-REPRO - physiology single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
CHLOROETHYLMERCURY decreased @ 500 mg/kg bw post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness Female Adult 5/group 0, 500 mg/kg bw TOX-REPRO - physiology single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
DICHLOROPHENOXY-ACETIC ACID (2,4-) decreased @ 1500 mg/kg bw post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness Female Adult 5/group 0, 1500 mg/kg bw TOX-REPRO - physiology single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
HEPTACHLOR decreased @ 1000 mg/kg bw post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness Female Adult 5/group 0, 1000 mg/kg bw TOX-REPRO - physiology single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
ARSENITE, SODIUM decreased @ 100 mg/kg bw post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness Female Adult 5/group 0, 100 mg/kg bw TOX-REPRO - physiology single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of dietary mercury and lead on eggshell thickness in mallards

Author(s)
Haegele, Max A., Richard K. Tucker and R.H. Hudson
Pages
5-11
Year
Issue
1
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-), LEAD COMPOUNDS, MERCURY COMPOUNDS decreased @ 40 ppm DDE eggshell thickness versus controls Female Adult 10/group 0, 40 ppm DDE, 100 ppm lead, or 200 ppm N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluene sulfoanilide TOX-REPRO - physiology 55 d - approx. 2 mos diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), LEAD COMPOUNDS, MERCURY COMPOUNDS decreased with both treatments eggshell thickness versus controls Female Adult 10/group 0, 40 ppm DDE + 100 ppm lead, or 40 ppm DDE + 200 ppm N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluene sulfoanilide TOX-REPRO - physiology 55 d - approx. 2 mos diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 78.2 (carcass); 61.6 (egg); 4.1 (brain) ppm, wet wt DDE residues in whole carcass, egg contents, and brain Female Adult 10/group 40 ppm DDE TOX-EXP IND - accumulation approx. 2 mos. diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2.5 (carcass); 1.25 (egg); 23.7 (kidney) ppm, wet wt mercury residues in whole carcass, egg contents, and kidneys Female Adult 10/group 200 ppm N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluene sulfoanilide TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 55 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS 3.7 (carcass); 2.5 (egg); 2.5 (eggshells); 9.6 (bone) ppm, wet wt @ 100 ppm lead; 3.4 (carcass); 0.88 (egg); 2.8 (eggshells); 35.0 (bone) ppm, wet wt @ 100 ppm lead + DDE lead residues in whole carcass, egg contents, eggshells, and bone Female Adult 10/group 100 ppm lead, or 40 ppm DDE + 100 ppm lead TOX-EXP IND - accumulation approx. 2 mos diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Lead poisoning in waterfowl from the Ebro Delta, Spain: Calculation of lead exposure thresholds for mallards

Author(s)
Guitart, R., J. To-Figueras, R. Mateo, A. Bertolero, S. Cerradelo and A. Martinez-Vilalta
Pages
289-293
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD COMPOUNDS 0.822 (0.059-21.60) ppm wet wt geometric mean liver concentration (range) Not Reported Not Reported Ebro Delta Natural Park 39 birds 297,590 shot pellets/ha (in sediment) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS 1.367 (<0.05-29.80) geometric mean concentration in kidneys (range) Not Reported Not Reported Ebro Delta Natural Park 39 birds 297,590 shot pellets/ha (in sediment) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS humerus, 41.652 (8.20-211.6); spleen, 0.669 (0.128-2.397); pancreas, 3.295 (1.074-13.47); brain, 1.367 (0.120-117.1) geometric mean concentrations (ranges) in humerus, spleen, pancreas, and brain Not Reported Not Reported Ebro Delta Natural Park 6-10 birds/tissue type 297,590 shot pellets/ha (in sediment) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of cadmium and lead ingestion on tissue concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc in mallard ducks

Author(s)
Di Giulio, Richard T. and Patrick F. Scanlon
Pages
103-110
Year
Volume
39
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CADMIUM CHLORIDE, LEAD CHLORIDE 7.2 (0.9) ug Pb/g @ 100 ppm Pb; 104.8 (19.1) ug Pb/g @ 100 ppm Cd; 54.2 (3.7) ug Cd/g @ 50 ppm Cd + 50 ppm Pb (dry wt) mean (SE) concentrations in liver Male Juvenile 6-8 birds/dose 0, 10 ppm Cd, 100 ppm Cd, 10 ppm Pb, 100 ppm Pb, 5 ppm Cd +5 ppm Pb, 50 ppm Cd + 50 ppm Pb TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 42 +/- 1 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
CADMIUM CHLORIDE, LEAD CHLORIDE 67.8 (12.4) @ 10 ppm Cd; 371.8 (22.3) @ 100 ppm Cd; 3.4 (0.6) @ 100 ppm Pb; 201.0 (26.9) @ 50 ppm Cd + 50 ppm Pb (ug/g, dry wt) mean (SE) Cd concentrations in kidney Male Juvenile 6-8 birds/dose 0, 10 ppm Cd, 100 ppm Cd, 10 ppm Pb, 100 ppm Pb, 5 ppm Cd +5 ppm Pb, 50 ppm Cd + 50 ppm Pb TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 42 +/- 1 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
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