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Anas platyrhynchos

Citation:

Toxicity of ingested bismuth alloy shot in game-farm mallards: Chronic health effects and effects on reproduction

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C., William L. Anderson, George L. Foley, Karen L. Duncan, Loretta M. Skowron, Jeffrey D. Brawn and James W. Seets
Pages
217-252
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) increased with Pb, no effect with Fe or Bi mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-MORT - dose-response data up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) decreased with Pb; no effect with Fe or Bi body weight, gonad weight, hematocrit versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) increased with Pb; no effect with Fe or Bi gizzard and kidney weight versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) decreased with Pb liver weight versus controls (females only) Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no effect with Fe or Bi onset of lay and time to lay 21 eggs versus controls Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-REPRO - physiology up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) increased with Fe weight of eggs that hatched versus controls Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-REPRO - physiology up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) increased with Bi weight of eggs that did not hatch versus controls Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-REPRO - physiology up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) decreased with Bi weight of hatchlings versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-REPRO - reproductive success up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no effect with Fe or Bi survival to 7 d, organ histopathology, hematocrit, sex ratios, kidney or liver weights of ducklings versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-REPRO - reproductive success up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no effect with Fe or Bi egg weight, eggshell thickness, fertility, hatchability versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-REPRO - reproductive success up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no effect with Fe or Bi histopathology of kidney, liver, testis, heart, lung versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) 213(27.1) ppm, kidney; 91(4.55) ppm, liver; 9.8(3.22) ppm, ovary; 3.49(0.61) ppm, testis mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Pb in Pb-dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-EXP IND - accumulation up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) 237(17.2) ppm, kidney; 1936(233) ppm, liver; 90.6(6.85) ppm, ovary; 13.1(1.29) ppm, testis mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Fe in Fe-dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-EXP IND - accumulation up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) 1.54(0.280) ppm, kidney; 0.637(0.134) ppm, liver; 0.042(0.007) ppm, ovary; 0.098(0.042) ppm, testis mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Bi in Bi-dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group 0, eight #4 iron, bismuth, or lead shot, administered on Days 1, 30, 60, 90; see paper for dissolution and retention of shot in gizzards of treated birds TOX-EXP IND - accumulation up to 150 d oral gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Erythrocyte d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in mallard ducks: Duration of inhibition after lead shot dosage.

Author(s)
Dieter, M.P. and M.T. Finley
Pages
621-625
Year
Issue
3
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) decreased blood ALAD enzyme activity after 1,2, or 3 months versus pre-dose controls Both Male and Female Adult laboratory 20 per sex 1 lead shot (no. 4) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single exposure gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased blood Pb concentrations versus pre-dose controls Both Male and Female Adult laboratory 20 per sex 1 lead shot (no. 4) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single exposure gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Delayed neurotoxicity in the wild mallard duckling caused by organophosphorus insecticides cyanofenphos and leptophos

Author(s)
Soliman, S.A., N.S. Ahmed, K.S. El-Gendy, A.S. El-Bakary and A.H. El-Sebae
Pages
401-411
Year
Issue
5
Volume
B21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CYANOFENPHOS increased incidence of delayed neurotoxicity signs Both Male and Female Juvenile laboratory 10 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg/d TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal 90 days gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
CYANOFENPHOS increased (30% @ 10 mg leptophos/kg/d; 10% @ 0.5 mg cyanofenphos/kg/d; 0% @ 1.0 mg cyanofenphos/kg/d; 20% @ 2.0 mg cyanofenphos/kg/d ;60% @ 4.0 mg cyanofenphos/kg/d; 100% @ 8.0 mg cyanofenphos/kg/d mortality versus controls) Both Male and Female Juvenile laboratory 10 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg/d TOX-MORT - dose-response data 90 days gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
CYANOFENPHOS decreased @ 2.0, 4.0 mg/kg/d bw versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile laboratory 10 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg/d TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal 90 days gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
CYANOFENPHOS increased @ 2.0, or 4.0 mg cyanofen/kg/d, 10 mg leptophos/kg/d. incidence of histological lesions in axons and myelin sheaths Both Male and Female Juvenile laboratory 10 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg/d TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects 90 days gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Subchronic effects of sodium selenite and selenomethionine on several immune functions in mallards.

Author(s)
Fairbrother, A. and J. Fowles
Pages
836-844
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SELENOMETHIONINE decreased incidence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions to antigen versus controls Male Adult Laboratory Controls = 24 Treated = 8 0, 2.2 mg Se/L TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects 12 weeks Drinking water Toxicity Factor Datasets
SELENITE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased blood monocyte counts after 78 days exposure versus controls Male Adult Laboratory Controls = 24 Treated = 8 0, 0.5, 3.5 mg Se/L (sodium selenite); 2.2 mg Se/L (selenomethionine) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects 12 weeks Drinking water Toxicity Factor Datasets
SELENITE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 3.5 mg/L (selenite) or 2.2 mg/L (selenomethionine) serum ALT enzyme activity versus controls n high selenite and selenomethionine groups. Male Adult laboratory Controls = 24 Treated = 8 0, 3.5 mg Se/L (as sodium selenite); 2.2 mg Se/L (selenomethionine) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 12 weeks drinking water Toxicity Factor Datasets
SELENOMETHIONINE increased (12-fold) selenium concentrations in pectoral muscle Male Adult Laboratory Controls = 24 Treated = 8 0, 2.2 mg Se/L TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 12 weeks Drinking water Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Heat exposure and the toxicity of one number four lead shot in mallards, Anas platyrhynchos

Author(s)
Srebocan, Emil and Barnett A. Rattner
Pages
165-169
Year
Volume
40
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit versus controls Male Juvenile Laboratory 8 0, 1 lead shot (no. 4) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects Single exposure Gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased (60%) blood ALAD activity versus controls Male Juvenile Laboratory 8 0, 1 lead shot (no. 4) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects Single exposure Gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased blood protoporphyrin levels versus controls Male Juvenile Laboratory 8 0, 1 lead shot (no. 4) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects Single exposure Gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Toxicity of lead shot to wild black ducks and mallards fed natural foods.

Author(s)
Chasko, G.G., T.R. Hoehn and P. Howell-Heller
Pages
417-428
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) increased @ 5 shot (33%) and repeated 5 shot (40%) percent mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Not Reported 5-6/group 0, 2, 5, 5 (w/5 repeated doses) Pb shot (no. 6) TOX-MORT - dose-response data Single dose, except for repeated dose group Gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased bw versus controls Both Male and Female Not Reported 5-6/group 0, 2, 5, 5 (w/5 repeated doses) Pb shot (no. 6) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal Single dose, except for repeated dose group Gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased @ all doses Pb concentrations in wing bone and liver Both Male and Female Not Reported 5-6/group 0, 2, 5, 5 (w/5 repeated doses) Pb shot (no. 6) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation Single dose, except for repeated dose group Gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and elimination in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., G.W. Pendleton, A.J. Krynitsky and L.G. Gold
Pages
374-379
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SELENOMETHIONINE liver: C = 7.4(1-e^-0.382t) muscle: C = 8.0(1-e^-0.037t) selenium accumulation equations Both Male and Female Adult 3 10 ppm Se TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 42 days Diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
SELENOMETHIONINE liver: C = 7.4e^-0.037t muscle: C = 5.6e^-0.023t liver at peak body burden: C = 22.6e^-0.246t + 2.5 e^-0.008t muscle at peak body burden: C = 6.4e^-0.029t Loss phase for blood at peak body burden: C = 12.0e^-0.071t selenium depuration equations Both Male and Female Adult 3 10 ppm, doubled weekly, Se TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 28 days Diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
SELENOMETHIONINE liver: 18.7 d muscle: 30.1 d half life of selenium in tissues Both Male and Female Adult 3 10 ppm Se TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 42 days Diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Embryotoxic effects of crude oil in mallard ducks and chicks

Author(s)
Hoffman, D.J.
Pages
183-190
Year
Volume
46
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CRUDE OILS decreased @ 5 uL/egg embryonic weight (females) and crown rump length (both sexes) Both Male and Female Hatchling 65 eggs/group 0, 1, or 5 uL TOX-REPRO - development Single exposure Topical on eggshell Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS decreased to 65% @ 1 uL/egg); 9% @ 5 uL/egg embryo survival to 18 days Both Male and Female Embryo 65 eggs/group 0, 1, or 5 uL TOX-REPRO - development Single exposure Topical on eggshell Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Interactive effects of selenium, methionine, and dietary protein on survival, growth, and physiology in mallard ducklings.

Author(s)
Hoffman, D.J., C.J. Sanderson, L.J. LeCaptain, E. Cromartie and G.W. Pendleton
Pages
163-171
Year
Volume
23
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 15 ppm, 60 ppm (adequate protein, no methionine added) incidence of histopathological changes in livers versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15/group 0, 15, or 60 ppm Se; with and without added methionine, and varying protein levels TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects 4 weeks Dietary Toxicity Factor Datasets
SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 60 ppm (regardless of methionine suppl. or protein levels) body, liver and spleen weights, and tarsus length versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15/group 0, 15, or 60 ppm Se; with and without added methionine, and varying protein levels TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal 4 weeks Dietary Toxicity Factor Datasets
SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 15 (GSH-peroxidase only), 60 ppm Se, adequate protein plasma GSH-peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase activities versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15/group 0, 15, or 60 ppm Se; with and without added methionine, and varying protein levels TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 4 weeks Diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior of mallard ducklings from adults exposed to selenium

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H. and L.G. Gold
Pages
863-865
Year
Volume
6
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect distance run in 2 seconds from a fright stimulus vs controls Not Reported Chick 32, 14, 14, 14, 11 in the 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 ppm groups 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 ppm Se TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - behavioral effects 4 weeks (parents) parental diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Marked DDE impairment of mallard reproduction in controlled studies

Author(s)
Heath, R.G., J.W. Spann and J.F. Kreitzer
Pages
47-48
Year
Volume
224
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-) decreased % normal hatchlings versus controls Not Reported Embryo 492-518, 232-384, and 128-276 for the 0, 10, and 40 ppm DDE groups 0, 10, or 40 ppm TOX-REPRO - development 2 years Diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
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