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Zalophus californianus

Citation:

Effects of the 1982-1983 El Nino on several population parameters and diet of California sea lions on the Califonia channel islands

Author(s)
DeLong, R. L., G.A. Antonelis, C.W. Oliver, B.S. Stewart, M.S. Lowry and P.K. Yochem
Pages
166-172
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean range of mean weights taken over 5 yrs at 2 sites 13.1 - 19.6 kg Female Pup San Miguel and San Clemente Islands 41 - 151/yr Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Spring and summer prey of California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, at San Miguel Island, California 1978-79

Author(s)
Antonelis, George A., Clifford H. Fiscus and Robert L. DeLong
Pages
67-76
Year
Issue
1
Volume
82
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Pacific whiting (48.7%); market squid (46.7%); juvenile rockfish (35.9%); northern anchovy (20.0%); red octopus (9.7%); jack mackerel (4.6%); nail squid (4.6%); squid (4.1%);chub mackerel (3.6%); Pacific pompano (2.5%); California lantern fish (2.5%) % occurrence of major prey (>1%) in scats % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles San Miguel Island 224 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus); I. Early postnatal growth

Author(s)
Boness, D. J., O. T. Oftedal,and K. A. Ono
Pages
173-179
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 8.4 mean size neonate ; pre El Nino 1982 0.146 SE kg Not Reported Neonate San Nicolas Island 39 neonates Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 8.1 mean weight; El Nino 1983 0.163 SE kg Not Reported Neonate San Nicolas Island 31 neonates Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 8.2 mean weight, post el Nino 1984 0.229 SE kg Not Reported Neonate San Nicolas Island 16 neonates Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 8.6 mean weight; 2 years post el Nino (1985) 0.227 SE kg Not Reported Neonate San Nicolas Island 16 neonates Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 0.132 pre-el Nino; 0-2 months 0.007 SE kg/d Not Reported Pup San Nicolas Island 32 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 0.101 pups 0-2 months old; El Nino 1983; 0.007 SE kg/d Not Reported Pup San Nicolas Island 30 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 0.125 post el Nino 1984 0.007SE kg/d Not Reported Pup San Nicolas Island 32 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 0.130 2 years post el nino (1985); 0-2 months 0.006 SE kg/d Not Reported Pup San Nicolas Island 38 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population abundance, pup mortality, and copulation frequency in the California sea lion in relation to the 1983 El Nino on San Nicolas Island

Author(s)
Francis, J. M. and C. B. Heath
Pages
271-288
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutches or Litters per year range of fecundity over 4 yrs; peak pup/peak female counts 0.23-0.30 pups/female/yr Female Adult San Nicolas Island 4360-6952 pups Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 10-18 range of % mortality during the first 2 mo of life; estimated over 3 yrs % Female Pup San Nicolas Island 2679 pups Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The pinnipeds of the California current

Author(s)
Antonelis, George A. and Clifford H. Fiscus
Pages
68-78
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 380 kg Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 100 kg Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 9 kg Not Reported Neonate Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Validation of heart rate and doubly labelled water as measures of metabolic rate during swimming in California sea lions

Author(s)
Boyd, I. L., A. J. Woakes, P.J. Butler, R.W. Davis and T.M. Williams
Pages
151-160
Year
Issue
2
Volume
9
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate range of mean field metabolic rates estimated by oxygen consumption using direct respirometry and doubly labelled water methods; exercise regime used to simulate swimming 11.8-15.01 ml O2/min/kg Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Thermoregulation and resting metabolic rate of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups

Author(s)
Thompson, Steven, D., Kathryn A. Ono, Olav T. Oftedal and Daryl J. Boness
Pages
730-736
Year
Issue
6
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 12,000 231 SE 8,333 - 14, 512 g Both Male and Female Pup captured at San Nicolas Island, CA 39 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.78 resting metabolic rate measured over a range of ambient temperatures (16-25C) 0.10 ml O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Pup captured at San Nicolas Island, CA 39 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits of the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus, at San Clemente Island, California, 1981-86

Author(s)
Lowry, Mark S., Charles W. Oliver, Carolyn Macky and Jeannie B. Wexler
Pages
509-521
Year
Volume
88
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition northern anchovy (51.3%); jack mackerel (24.6%); pelagic crab (21.2%); Pacific whiting (19.6%); rockfish (19.0%); market squid (16.3%); blacksmith (10.7%); Pacific mackerel (9.5%); octopus (5.1%); squid (2.2%); senorita (1.1%); lanternfish (1.3%) % of scats in which major (>1%) prey occurred % Not Reported Not Reported San Clemente Island 1309 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition northern anchovy (24.7%); jack mackerel (11.8%); pelagic red crab (10.2%); Pacific whiting (9.4%); rockfish (9.2%); market squid (7.9%); blacksmith (5.1%); Pacific mackerel (4.6%); octopus (2.5%); squid (1.1%) % occurrence of major (>1%) prey taxon from a tally of occurrences of all prey taxa in scats % Not Reported Not Reported San Clemente Island 1309 scats Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica

Citation:

Prey abundance and food habits of San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes velox macrotis) at Camp Roberts Army National Guard Training Site, California

Author(s)
Logan, Christopher G., William H. Berry, William G. Standley and Thomas T. Kato
Pages
21
Publisher
EG and G Energy Measurements, Inc., Operations Report No. 10617-2158
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Spermophilus beecheyi (35%), soluble material (16.6%), grasshoppers/crickets (12.9%), lagomorphs (12.2%), kangaroo rats (9.1%), miscellaneous (10.2%), deer mice/wood rats (7.7%), birds (5.2%), beetles/weevils (3.5%), vegetation (2.8%), snakes (2.0%), pocket mice (0.8%), pocket gophers (0.5%), lizards (0.2%) frequency of occurrence of prey items found in scat % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Camp Roberts 649 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Diet of the San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on Naval Petroleum Reserve #1, Kern County, California, 1980-1984

Author(s)
Scrivner, Jerry H., Thomas P. O'Farrell and Thomas T. Kato
Pages
26
Publisher
EG&G Energy Measurements, EGG 10282-2168
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition lagomorphs (73.3%), kangaroo rats (13.1%), San Joaquin antelope ground squirrel (2.9%), San Joaquin kit fox (2.8%), Cricetidinae (1.3%), Heteromyidae (0.8%), San Joaquin pocket mouse (0.7%), California ground squirrel (0.6%), southern grasshopper mouse (0.5%), sheep (0.5%), Botta pocket gopher (0.3%), birds (1.4%), snakes (1.2%), lizards (0.1%), grasshoppers and crickets (6.2%), beetles (1.0%), arthropods (0.2%), grass (1.7%), soluble material (5.2%), other (9.1%) frequency of occurrence of food items found in scat % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Naval Petroleum Reserve #1 1430 scats Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis

Citation:

Water economy of two desert canids: Coyote and kit fox

Author(s)
Golightly, Richard T. and Robert D. Ohmart
Pages
51-58
Year
Issue
1
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate 115 estimated daily food intake based on a desert kangaroo diet (7.38 kJ/g wet wt) and calculated daily energy requirements (see Golightly, 1981) g/d Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 101 estimated daily food intake based on a desert kangaroo diet (7.38 kJ/g wet wt) and calculated daily energy requirements (see Golightly, 1981) g/d Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Enhydra lutris

Citation:

Heat production and body surface area in seals and sea otters

Author(s)
Iverson, J.A. and J. Krog
Pages
51-54
Year
Issue
1
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate see Figure 1 oxygen consumption measured at 15-20 C Not Reported Not Reported 2 Exposure Factor Datasets
Surface Area see Figure 3 estimated surface area Not Reported Not Reported 2 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey

Author(s)
Doroff, Angela M. and James L. Bodkin
Pages
193-208
Publisher
Academic Press, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition clams (34-61%), mussels (7-20%), crabs (2-11%), other invertebrates (4-5%), unknown prey (12-33%) relative occurences of prey items in diet, based on observation (range crosses three locations) Not Reported Adult Prince William Sound 752-833 foraging dives/site Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction, survival and tag loss in California sea otters

Author(s)
Siniff, Donald B., and Katherine Ralls
Pages
211-229
Year
Issue
3
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Clutches or Litters per year 0.9 annual reproductive rate based on number of pups born during monitoring period pups/year Female Adult 13 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.58 pup survival rate to weaning Not Reported Juvenile 19 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning <80 or >120 estimate time period that pups spent with mothers d Not Reported Juvenile 24 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 11 oldest animal captured in study yr Female Adult 1 animal Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Water pollution and otter distribution: A review

Author(s)
Mason, C.F.
Pages
97-131
Year
Issue
2
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality review Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Activity and prey selection in the sea otter: Influence of population status on community structure

Author(s)
Estes, James A., Ronald J. Jameson, and Elaine B. Rhodes
Pages
242-258
Year
Issue
2
Volume
120
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition sea urchins (47.8-70.2%), mussels (0.4-3.1%), sea stars (0.5-0.8%), crabs (1.4-5.2%), clams (0.4-1.8%), octopus (0.0-0.9%), anemone (0.0-0.2%), algal holdfasts (0.0-2.6%), fish (0.0-12.3%), fish eggs (0.0-0.9%), chitons (0.2-0.8%), coralline algae (0.0-0.2%), unknown (14.6-26.7%), unsuccessful (3.4-7.1%) percentage (ranges) of total dives that resulted in capture of different prey items at three locations Not Reported Not Reported Amchitka and Attu (Aleutian Islands), and Blanco Reef, OR 425-584 dives/location Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Temporal and spatial patterns in sea otter, Enhydra lutris, range expansion and in the loss of pismo clam fisheries

Author(s)
Wendell, Frederick E., Robert A. Hardy, Jack A. Ames and Richard T. Bruce
Pages
197-212
Year
Issue
4
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition pismo clams (559), unidentified bivalves (1), rock crabs (1), market crabs (1), unidentified crabs (1), unidentied food items (15) number of prey retreived, based on observations from shore Not Reported Not Reported Pismo Beach 578 observed retrievals Exposure Factor Datasets

Mephitis mephitis

Citation:

Population characteristics of striped skunks in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Fuller, Todd K. and David W. Kuehn
Pages
813-815
Year
Issue
4
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 5.6 0.38 SE 3-7 fetuses Female Both Adults and Juveniles 10 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 8.0 1.0 SE 7-9 fetuses Female Both Adults and Juveniles 4 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 6.5 0.65 SE 5-8 placental scars Female Both Adults and Juveniles 5 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 5.8 0.66 SE 3-10 placental scars Female Both Adults and Juveniles 13 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Physical characteristics of striped skunks in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Fuller, Todd K., David W. Kuehn, Pamela L. Coy and Randy K. Markl
Pages
371-374
Year
Issue
2
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 2.19 0.17 SE 1.18-2.85 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles Bearville study area; Itasca county 11 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1.65 0.07 SE 1.30-1.90 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles Bearville study area; Itasca county 10 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
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