Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

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Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Citation:

Patterns of mortality in a cold-climate population of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis).

Author(s)
Shine, R. and Mason, R.T.
Issue
2
Volume
120
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality See citation Mortality B Adult See citation 50⁰44'N, 97⁰34'W; Narcisse Community Pasture near Chatfield, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Feeding habits and diet overlap of three species of garter snakes (Thamnophis) on Vancouver Island

Author(s)
Gregory, Patrick T.
Pages
1967-1974
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition amphibians (41); earthworms (24); birds (1); leeches (1); misc. invertebrates (4); unidentified (13); empty (100) number of stomach examinations yielding various food types # Not Reported Not Reported 179 Vancouver Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Organochlorine and mercury residues in snakes from Pilot and Spider Islands, Lake Michigan - 1978

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H., Susan D. Haseltine, Russell J. Hall and Alexander J. Krynitsky
Pages
738-743
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Fat (total or %) % lipid of whole animal (not including stomach contents) % Both Male and Female Adult 6 Pilot Island, Lake Michigan Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The feeding habits of California garter snakes

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
1-32
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Slug (1.4%); Earthworm (23.6%); Frog, Rana (6.9%); Toad, Bufo and Scaphiopus (30.5%); Tree Toad (20.8%); Leech (4.0%); Tadpole (10%); Minnow (1.4%); Unidentified fish (1.4%) % of total recorded food items % Not Reported Not Reported 48 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Geographic variation in reproductive characteristics among Canadian populations of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Author(s)
Gregory, Patrick T. and Karl W. Larsen
Pages
946-958
Year
Volume
1993
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size range of site means based on sum of live and dead young and undeveloped eggs at parturition young/litter Female Adult 4 - 30/site Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean range of site means g Not Reported Neonate 48 - 203/site Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Garter snake diets in a fluctuating environment: A seven-year study

Author(s)
Kephart, Donald G. and Stevan J. Arnold
Pages
1232-1236
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Anurans (67%); Fish (11%); Leeches (22%) % of stomachs containing prey item % Not Reported Not Reported 36 Eagle Lake (elev., 1555m) [lat., 40^o33'24"N; long., 120^o47'5" W] Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Reproductive ecology of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, at the northern limit of its range

Author(s)
Larsen, Karl W. and Patrick T. Gregory
Pages
336-345
Year
Volume
129
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 12.5 young/litter Female Adult 23 captured at Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 4.95 (SD) Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 2.6 g Not Reported Neonate 187 captured at Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 0.4 SD Laboratory
Citation:

A preliminary study of Thamnophis near Sagehen Creek, California

Author(s)
White, Marshall and James A. Kolb
Pages
126-136
Year
Volume
1974
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Weight - Mean 41 g Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 160 Kyburz Flat Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Dietary Composition Hyla (55.5%); Catostomus (21.8%); Microtus (5.4%); Rhinichthys (11.5%) % of total volume of stomach contents % Both Male and Female Not Reported <110 Kyburz Flat Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Citation:

Annual variation in reproduction in snakes in a fluctuating environment

Author(s)
Seigel, R.A. and H.S. Fitch
Pages
497-505
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size minimum and maximum mean annual clutch size young/litter Female Adult 158 over 9 yrs National History Reservation Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population size and survivorship of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, near the northern limit of its distribution

Author(s)
Larsen, Karl W. and Patrick T. Gregory
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality range of probability of surviving from spring of one year to spring of next year % Male Adult 43 - 132/yr for 3 yrs Wood Buffalo National Park (lat., 59^o49'N; long., 112^oW) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Quantitative genetics of maximal oxygen consumption in a garter snake

Author(s)
Garland, Theodore Jr. and Albert F. Bennett
Pages
R986-R992
Year
Volume
259
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 3.15 maximal oxygen consumption at 30C ml O2/hr Both Male and Female Juvenile 245 gravid adults captured near Lassen, CA Exposure Factor Datasets mean age, 31.6 d; range 11-58 d 0.845 SD Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 2.2 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 245 Exposure Factor Datasets mean age, 31.6 d; range 11-58d 0.350 SD Laboratory

Red-sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. parietalis)

Citation:

An ecological study of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
493-564
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean g Female Adult Not Reported Douglas and Jefferson Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean g Male Adult Not Reported Douglas and Jefferson Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1.88 g Not Reported Neonate 151 Exposure Factor Datasets newborn 0.029 Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size 14.5 young/litter Female Adult 132 Douglas and Jefferson Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Female Adult Not Reported Douglas and Jefferson Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 35.0 circular home range estimated from radius acres Male Adult 39 Douglas and Jefferson Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 22.7 circular home range estimated from radius acres Female Adult 102 Douglas and Jefferson Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal changes in the body composition of the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) at northern latitudes

Author(s)
Aleksiuk, Michael and Kenneth W. Stewart
Pages
484-490
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Winnepeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly mean weights g Both Male and Female Adult 10-16/mo Winnepeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Fat (total or %) % ether-extractable lipids of total body weight (wet wt) % Both Male and Female Adult 10-16/mo Winnepeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Nov. - Apr. Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Winnepeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Temperature-dependent shifts in the metabolism of a cool temperate reptile, Thanmophis sirtalis parietalis

Author(s)
Aleksiuk, Michael
Pages
495-503
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean g Both Male and Female Not Reported 60 captured at Winnipeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption at 5-27C ml O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Not Reported 60 captured at Winnipeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Annual reproductive cycle in the male red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis: Field and laboratory studies

Author(s)
Krohmer, Randolph W., Mark Grassman and David Crews
Pages
64-75
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult 5/sampling time Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Body mass and reproduction in female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)

Author(s)
Whittier, Joan M. and David Crews
Pages
219-226
Year
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean BW = -211.59 + 5.08SVL relationship between body weight (BW, g, 50-175g) and snout-vent length (SVL, cm, 55-75cm) for vitellogenic and non-vitellogenic females in 1983 (r2 = 0.899) g Female Adult 34 Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean BW = -254.33 + 5.75SVL relationship between body weight (BW, g, 50-175g) and snout-vent length (SVL, cm, 55-75cm) for vitellogenic and non-vitellogenic females in 1984 (r2 = 0.905) g Female Adult 42 Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean BW = -201.07 + 4.78SVL relationship between body weight (BW, g, 50-175g) and snout-vent length (SVL, cm, 55-75cm) for vitellogenic and non-vitellogenic females in 1985 (r2 = 0.874) g Female Adult 32 Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean BW = -137.32 + 3.73SVL relationship between body weight (BW, g, 50-175g) and snout-vent length (SVL, cm, 55-75cm) for vitellogenic and non-vitellogenic females in 1987 (r2 = 0.698) g Female Adult 110 Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Sept. - Mar. Female Adult 218 Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Sex and seasonal differences in metabolism in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

Author(s)
Crews, David, Mark Grassman, William R. Garstka, Andrew Halpert and Brian Camazine
Pages
2362-2368
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries Lab
Body Weight - Mean range of means g Male Adult 5 animals/6 sampling dates Exposure Factor Datasets 1-24 d post-emergence CANADA
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of resting oxygen consumption ml O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 5-10 Exposure Factor Datasets post-emergence Laboratory

Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. sirtalis)

Citation:

Some aspects of the ecology of the eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) in a semi-disturbed habitat in west-central Illinois

Author(s)
Blaesing, Mark E.
Pages
177-181
Year
Volume
13
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 18.7 #/ha Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported McDonough County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stages in the normal development of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis

Author(s)
Zehr, David R.
Pages
322-329
Year
Volume
1962
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 12.9 young/litter Female Adult 104 Hanover Exposure Factor Datasets 6.1 SD
Citation:

Comparative ecology of the common garter snake (Thamnophis s. sirtalis), the ribbon snake (Thamnophis s. sauritus) and Butler's garter snake (Thamnophis butleri) in mixed populations

Author(s)
Carpenter, Charles C.
Pages
235-238
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition earthworms (80%); amphibians (5%); mammals, caterpillars and leeches (5%) % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 178 Washtenaw County Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 2.07 acres Both Male and Female Not Reported 1609 Washtenaw County Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 18 young/litter Female Adult 20 Washtenaw County Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 482 #/48 acres Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Washtenaw County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Temperature-dependent shifts in the metabolism of a cool temperate reptile, Thanmophis sirtalis parietalis

Author(s)
Aleksiuk, Michael
Pages
495-503
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean g Both Male and Female Not Reported 20 captured at Miami, Florida Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption at 5-27C ml O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Not Reported 20 captured at Miami, Florida Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The bioenergetics of hibernation in the eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis

Author(s)
Costanzo, Jon P.
Pages
682-692
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.42 estimated from changes in body composition cal/g/d Both Male and Female Not Reported 13 captured in Portage County, WI Exposure Factor Datasets hibernating Laboratory
Citation:

Influence of pregnancy on oxygen consumption, heart rate and hematology in the garter snake: Implications for the "cost of reproduction" in live bearing reptiles

Author(s)
Birchard, Geoffrey F., Craig P. Black, Gordon W. Schuett and Virginia Black
Pages
519-523
Year
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 30.3 g Male Adult 6 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 52.1 g Female Adult 3 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets non-pregnant 4.4 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.059 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Male Adult 6 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 0.001 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.054 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Female Adult 3 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets non-pregnant 0.011 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 52.5 g Female Adult 4 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 1 wk post-partum 1.8 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.065 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Female Adult 4 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 1 wk post-partum 0.005 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 94.2 g Female Adult 6 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets pregnant 10.2 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.095 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Female Adult 6 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets pregnant 0.010 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 1.66 g Not Reported Neonate 8 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 0.07 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.119 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Not Reported Neonate 8 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 0.010 SE Laboratory

California Whipsnake (Masticophis lateralis), Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Citation:

Reproduction and food of some California snakes

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
17-19
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/female Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles, Mariposa, Tuolumne
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/female Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles, Mariposa, Tuolumne

Red-spotted Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. concinnus)

Citation:

Some observations on the natural history of two Oregon garter snakes (Genus Thamnophis)

Author(s)
Stewart, Glenn R.
Pages
71-86
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition late July - early Sept. Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 90 d Female Adult Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 yr Male Adult Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Female Adult Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 8.2 determined by palpation young/litter Female Adult 18 Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets

San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. tetrataenia)

Citation:

Captive reproduction of the San Francisco garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia

Author(s)
Cover, John F., Jr. and Donal M. Boyer
Pages
29-33
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation d Female Adult 6 Dallas and Fort Worth Zoos, TX Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 yr, 273d yr,d Female Adult 1 Dallas and Ft. Worth Zoos Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 6 breedings g Not Reported Neonate 6 groups of young Dallas and Ft. Worth Zoos Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size 17 young/female Female Adult 6 Dallas and Ft. Worth Zoos Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean g Male Adult 5 Dallas and Ft. Worth Zoos Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean g Female Adult 6 Dallas and Ft. Worth Zoos Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Mating aggregations of garter snakes

Author(s)
Fox, Wade
Pages
176
Year
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Oct. - Nov. Both Male and Female Adult 2 mating masses San Francisco Peninsula Exposure Factor Datasets San Mateo

Valley Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. fitchi)

Citation:

Variation in clutch and litter size in New World reptiles

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
28
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 11.32 based on embryo count eggs/litter Female Adult 22 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.98
Citation:

Intrapopulation variation in ecological energetics of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis, with analysis of the precision of doubly labeled water measurements

Author(s)
Peterson, Charles C., B. Michael Walton and Albert F. Bennett
Pages
333-349
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Metabolic Rate 9.18 field metabolic rate ml CO2/g/d Both Male and Female Adult 72 Eagle Lake (elev., 1800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Growth Rate 3.1 average increase in % of mean body mass per day % Both Male and Female Adult 78 Eagle Lake (elev., 1800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Food Ingestion Rate 14 average % of their body mass in frogs ingested per day, estimated from field metabolic rate % Both Male and Female Adult 72 Eagle Lake (elev., 1800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen

California Red-sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. infernalis)

Citation:

Diet and growth in juveniles of the garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis and Thamnophis radix radix

Author(s)
Scudder, Roy M. and Gordon M. Burghardt
Pages
74-85
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate increase in body mass on earthworm or mosquitofish diets g/d Not Reported Juvenile 13 captive-born to female from Humboldt County Exposure Factor Datasets 0 - 4 mo Laboratory
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