Piciformes

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Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

Avian community structure along a mountain big sagebrush successional gradient.

Author(s)
Reinkensmeyer, D.P., Miller, R.F., Anthony, R.G. and Marr, V.E.
Issue
4
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Location Type Condition Countries Error
Population Density Postburn grassland: 0.02, shrub-steppe: 0.01, mid-successional juniper: 0.11, old-growth juniper: 0.14 Mean densities per cover type birds/ha/yr B Central Oregon Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA Postburn grassland: 0.01, shrub-steppe: 0.01, mid-successional juniper: 0.01, old-growth juniper: 0.02
Citation:

Reproductive success of cavity-nesting birds in partially harvested woodlots.

Author(s)
Straus, M.A., Bavrlic, K., Nol, E., Burke, D.M. and Elliott, K.A.
Issue
5
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Condition Countries Error
Population Density Reference: 0.7, Group: 0.5, Old standard: 0.8, Standard: 0.7, Heavy: 0.6 Breeding pair density by silvicutlure treatment pairs/ha B Adult London, Ontario Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding CANADA Reference: 0.03, Group: 0.03, Old standard: 0.12, Standard: 0.11, Heavy: 0.08
Citation:

Clutch size relative to tree cavity size in Northern Flickers.

Author(s)
Wiebe, K.L. and Swift, T.L.
Issue
2
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 7.61 Eggs/clutch B Embryo 139 nests Central British Columbia (51⁰52'N, 122⁰21'W) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.52
Citation:

Egg composition in northern flickers.

Author(s)
Wiebe, K.L.
Issue
4
Volume
108
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean See citation Table 1 Egg metrics See citation Embryo See citation Risk Creek, British Columbia (51⁰52'N,
122⁰21'W) 		Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Fat (total or %) Lipid in dry yolk: 57.3, total dry lipid: 0.22 Egg percent lipid Lipid in dry yolk: %, total dry lipid: g Embryo Lipid in dry yolk: 13, total dry lipid: 27 Risk Creek, British Columbia (51⁰52'N,
122⁰21'W) 		Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA Lipid in dry yolk: 2.7, total dry lipid: 0.01
Citation:

Cooperative breeding in the Campo Flicker II: Patterns of reproduction and kinship.

Author(s)
Dias, R.I., Macedo, R.H., Goedert, D. and Webster, M.S.
Issue
4
Volume
115
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate See citation Table 2 Number of fledglings produced by each female of a group B Fledgling Central Brazil Exposure Factor Datasets BRAZIL
Citation:

Home-range size of northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) in relation to habitat and parental attributes.

Author(s)
Elchuk, C.L. and Wiebe, K.L.
Issue
6
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Home Range 1999: 20 [15-26 (95% CI)], 2000: 30 [3-112 (95% CI)] Mean by fixed kernel, activity range (50%) ha B Adult 1999: 24, 2000: 28 Central interior British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets Brood-rearing CANADA
Home Range 1999: 20 [15-26 (95% CI)], 2000: 34 [27-43 (95% CI)] Mean by min convex polygon (95%) ha B Adult 1999: 24, 2000: 28 Central interior British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets Brood-rearing CANADA
Citation:

Effects of sex and age on survival of Northern Flickers: a six-year field study.

Author(s)
Fisher, R.J. and Wiebe, K.L.
Issue
1
Volume
108
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality 0.43 [0.38-0.48 (95% CI)] Modeled estimate B Adult See citation Risk Creek, British Columbia (51⁰52'N,
122⁰21'W) 		Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Variable weather patterns affect annual survival of Northern Flickers more than phenotype in the hybrid zone.

Author(s)
Flockhart, D.T.T. and Wiebe, K.L.
Issue
4
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality Model A: 0.47, model B: 0.46 Modeled estimate B Adult 1117 Risk Creek, British Columbia (51⁰52'N,
122⁰21'W) 		Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Survival and habitat use by fledgling northern flickers in a fragmented forest landscape.

Author(s)
Gow, E.A. and Wiebe, K.L.
Issue
2
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries Error
Foraging Distance 4th d post-fledge: 50, 18th d: 592 Distance traveled by fledglings m B Fledgling Risk Creek, British Columbia (51⁰52'N,
122⁰21'W) 		Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 4th d post-fledge: 232, 18th d: 353
Survival/ Mortality 0.994 Modeled daily survival over 22 d B Fledgling Risk Creek, British Columbia (51⁰52'N,
122⁰21'W) 		Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.004
Citation:

Fifty years of early winter bird counts in Harvey County, Kansas

Author(s)
Platt, D.R.
Issue
2
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Population Density See citation Harvey County Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Residues in common flicker and mountain bluebird eggs one year after a DDT application

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J., Roger A. Olson and Dennis L. Meeker
Pages
115-122
Year
Issue
2
Volume
18
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) no effect eggshell thickness Female Adult 8 eggs (reference), 12 eggs (treatment) NE Oregon, SE Washington, Idaho Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative reproductive success of yellow-shafted, red-shafted and hybrid flickers across a hybrid zone

Author(s)
Moore, William S. and Walter D. Koenig
Pages
42-51
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success range of mean brood to clutch size ratios measured among male and female auratus ssp., cafer ssp., and auratus/cafer hybrid flickers Both Male and Female Adult 4-42 clutches per subspecies or hybrid group Lincoln, Morrill, Scottsbluff Counties, NE; Platte County, WY Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean clutch sizes measured among auratus ssp., cafer ssp., and auratus/cafer hybrid flickers eggs/clutch Female Adult 10-32 clutches per subspecies or hybrid group Lincoln, Morrill, Scottsbluff Counties, NE; Platte County, WY Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The influence of starlings on flicker reproduction when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial nest boxes are available

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
218-225
Year
Issue
2
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis mid-June to late July Both Male and Female Juvenile 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Nesting early May to late June time of incubation Both Male and Female Adult 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 7.44 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 9 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets 2.24 SD
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.78 mean fledging rate fledglings/nest Both Male and Female Juvenile 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets 2.99 SD
Time of Nesting mid-April to early May time of nest excavation starts Both Male and Female Adult 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Molt in flight feathers of flickers

Author(s)
Test, Frederick H.
Pages
63-72
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Molt June-July date of onset of postjuvenal and adult molt Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 2500 birds Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

A monograph of the flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Author(s)
Burns, Frank L.
Pages
1-82
Year
Issue
31
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size range of clutch sizes eggs/clutch Female Adult 191 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Food of the woodpeckers of the United States

Author(s)
Beal, F.E.L.
Pages
7-64
Publisher
Government Printing Office
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition animal food (67.71%), vegetable food (32.26%) percent composition of stomach contents Not Reported Not Reported 183 birds Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Dietary Composition predacious ground beetles (3.89%), other beetles (2.66%), ants (53.82%), Hemiptera (1.84%), caterpillars (2.12%), Orthoptera (1.45%), other insects and spiders (1.96%), grain (2.26%), seeds (19.59%), fruit (10.28%) percent composition of stomach contents Not Reported Not Reported 183 birds Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Citation:

A study of radio-equipped flickers

Author(s)
Royall, W.C., Jr., and O.E. Bray
Pages
47-50
Year
Issue
2
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range range of home range size based on telemetry location data ha Not Reported Adult 4 birds, 20-99 radio fixes per bird Lakewood, Jefferson County Exposure Factor Datasets
Foraging Distance range of distances between night roost location and the following day's locations km Not Reported Adult 4 birds, 20-99 radio fixes per bird Lakewood, Jefferson County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 140 average body weight at time of capture g Not Reported Adult 4 birds Lakewood, Jefferson County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Author(s)
Moore, William S.
Pages
1-28
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Migration or Dispersal review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Population Density review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Time of Mating/ Laying review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Time of Mating/ Laying review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Time of Molt review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Duration of Incubation or Gestation review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Age at Sexual Maturity review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Growth Rate review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Citation:

Notes on egg-laying, incubation, and nestling periods and of food brought to the nest by four species of cavity-nesting birds

Author(s)
Duyck, Bill E. and Douglas B. McNair
Pages
21-29
Year
Issue
2
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8 first clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 1 nest Asheville, Buncombe County Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 11 incubation period d Not Reported Embryo 1 nest Asheville, Buncombe County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Geographic variation in clutch size in the northern flicker (Colaptes auratus): support for Ashmole's hypothesis

Author(s)
Koenig, Walter D.
Pages
698-706
Year
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 6.5 average size of clutches existing in North American museum collections eggs/clutch Female Adult 411 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets 1.4 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Delayed nesting decreases reproductive success in northern flickers: implications for competition with European starlings

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
321-326
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 6.18 average size of clutches laid early in the breeding season eggs/clutch Female Adult 17 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 4.71 average size of clutches laid late in the breeding season (1990-92,1994) eggs/clutch Female Adult 7 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 5.27 average number of nestlings from clutches laid early in the breeding season (1990-1992, 1994) nestlings/clutch Not Reported Nestling 11 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 3.25 average number of nestlings from clutches laid late in the breeding season (1990-1992, 1994) nestlings/clutch Not Reported Nestling 4 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 5.09 average number of fledglings from clutches laid early in the breeding season (1990-1992, 1994) fledglings/clutch Not Reported Fledgling 11 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.75 average number of fledglings from clutches laid late in the breeding season (1990-1992, 1994) fledglings/clutch Not Reported Fledgling 4 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population estimates of breeding birds in North Dakota

Author(s)
Stewart, Robert E., and Harold A. Kantrud
Pages
766-788
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1.26 (20) mean density of breeding birds (maximum density in parentheses) pairs/square mile Both Male and Female Adult 130 sample units (160 acres/unit) Exposure Factor Datasets

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Effects on wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchards

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J., Charles J. Henny, T. Earl Kaiser and Robert A. Grove
Pages
159-174
Year
Volume
48
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
ENDRIN brain=greater than or equal to 0.8 ppm, wet wt tissue endrin residues Not Reported Not Reported 1-3 animals Wenatchee Toxicity Factor Datasets
ENDRIN brain=greater than or equal to 0.8 ppm, wet wt tissue endrin residues Not Reported Not Reported 1-3 animals Wenatchee Toxicity Factor Datasets
ENDRIN brain=greater than or equal to 0.8 ppm, wet wt tissue endrin residues Not Reported Not Reported 1-3 animals Wenatchee Toxicity Factor Datasets

Gilded flicker (Colaptes auratus ssp. chrysoides)

Citation:

Clutch size of the gilded flicker

Author(s)
Koenig, Walter D.
Pages
89-90
Year
Volume
86
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.20 average size of clutches existing in North American oological collections eggs/clutch Female Adult 57 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
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