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Zenaida macroura

Citation:

The relationship of the external surface area of birds to skin surface area and body mass

Author(s)
Walsberg, Glenn E. and James R. King
Pages
185-189
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Surface Area 198 measured area of the external plumage surface of 649.1 g bird, excluding beak and non-feathered portions of legs cm^2 Not Reported Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets

Phalacrocorax auritus

Citation:

Breeding biology of the double-crested cormorant on Utah Lake

Author(s)
Mitchell, Ronald M.
Pages
1-23
Year
Volume
37
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 28 average incubation 26-30 d Not Reported Hatchling Utah Lake, Utah County 16 eggs Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year 1-2 clutches/yr Female Adult Utah Lake, Utah County 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 3.8 2-6 eggs/nest Female Adult Utah Lake, Utah County Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 36 g Not Reported Hatchling Utah Lake, Utah County 16 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1543 g Not Reported Juvenile Utah Lake, Utah County 13 birds Exposure Factor Datasets

Empidonax traillii

Citation:

Effects of brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds on willow flycatcher nesting success along the Kern River, California

Author(s)
Harris, John H.
Pages
13-26
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 16% Percent of nests that fledged young Not Reported Fledgling Kern River Preserve 19 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology of a Sierra Nevada population of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Flett, Mary Anne and Susan D. Sanders
Pages
37-42
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal early to mid-June timing of arrival of spring migrants Both Male and Female Adult Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying mid-June time by which first eggs laid Both Male and Female Adult Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition June 30 time by which first eggs hatched Both Male and Female Adult Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July 15-August 13 dates on which first and last young fledged Both Male and Female Adult Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal August 31 date by which last fall migrants departed Both Male and Female Adult Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.3 average number of fledglings per nest 1.3 SD 0-3 or 4 fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 29% total egg-to-fledgling success rate Not Reported Fledgling Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) 5 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 24/31 total number of eggs hatched relative to estimate of total eggs laid eggs hatched/eggs laid Not Reported Nestling Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size 3000 average territory size of paired males based on observed perch locations 2000 SD 800-7000 m^2 Male Adult Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) 8 territories Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.68 mean clutch size in first nests 0.1 SE 3-5 eggs/nest Female Adult Wooster and Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE 31 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 3.14 mean clutch size in renests 0.1 SE 2-4 eggs/nest Female Adult Wooster and Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE 29 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nest success and age-specific mortality in Traill's flycatchers

Author(s)
Holcomb, Larry C.
Pages
837-841
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 36.4% percent of young fledged of total eggs laid Not Reported Fledgling Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE 272 eggs, 91 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 54.8 % percent of eggs hatched of total eggs laid Not Reported Hatchling Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE 272 eggs, 91 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.11 mean fledglings in nests of known numbers of eggs fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE 89 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality see figure in citation figure showing percent survival over time of eggs and nestlings Not Reported Embryo, Nestling Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE 272 eggs, 91 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A high incidence of brown-headed cowbird parasitism of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Sedgwick, James A. and Fritz L. Knopf
Pages
253-256
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 56.3% percent of unparasitized nests with at least one fledgling Not Reported Fledgling Illinois River, Arapahoe National Wildlife Refuge (elev. 2,500 m) 16 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 18.2% percent of parasitized nests with at least one fledgling Not Reported Fledgling Illinois River, Arapahoe National Wildlife Refuge (elev. 2,500 m) 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Feeding-time minimization and the territorial behavior of the willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Author(s)
Prescott, David R.C. and Alex L.A. Middleton
Pages
17-28
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4 first clutch size in 13/14 females observed eggs/nest Female Adult Badenoch Swamp, 14 km SE of Guelph (69 deg, 32'N, 80 deg, 13' W) 14 females Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size 3,009 mean territory size based on observed perch sites and territorial disputes 153 SE m^2 Male Adult Badenoch Swamp, 14 km SE of Guelph (69 deg, 32'N, 80 deg, 13' W) 61 observation periods Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Mollusca (4), Arachnida (19), Isopoda (4), Orthoptera (15), Hemiptera (56), Coleoptera (7), Lepidoptera adult (20), Lepidoptera larvae (10), Diptera adult (188), Hymenoptera adult (9), Hymenoptera larvae (1) numbers of food items delivered to nestlings fitted with neck ligatures Not Reported Nestling Badenoch Swamp, 14 km SE of Guelph (69 deg, 32'N, 80 deg, 13' W) 333 food items collected Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The energetic consequences of incubation for two passerine species

Author(s)
Walsberg, Glenn E. and James R. King
Pages
644-655
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Surface Area 0.00487 estimated area of the external plumage surface (geometrical approximation) of 13.2 g bird m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 13.2 mean body weight during breeding season g Female Adult collection location George E. Hudson Biological Reserve, Whitman County 5 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.325 predicted daytime basal metabolic rate W Not Reported Adult collection location George E. Hudson Biological Reserve, Whitman County Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.241 predicted night time basal metabolic rate W Not Reported Adult collection location George E. Hudson Biological Reserve, Whitman County Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Empidonax traillii ssp. extimus

Citation:

Breeding ecology of a willow flycatcher population in Grand Canyon, Arizona

Author(s)
Brown, Bryan T.
Pages
25-33
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density population density in a 360 km riparian corridor as indicated by song counts 2-11 singing males/yr Male Adult Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park 6 sampling yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density population density in a 360 km riparian corridor as indicated by active nest counts 2-4 nests found/yr Both Male and Female Adult Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park 6 sampling yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Nesting June 2-July 10 estimated length of breeding season (period when eggs or young are in the nest) Both Male and Female Adult Colorado River, Grand Canyon National Park 6 sampling yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Empidonax traillii extimus: An endangered subspecies

Author(s)
Unitt, Philip
Pages
137-162
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Nesting June 1 estimated beginning of nesting based on historic egg collections Both Male and Female Adult coastal southern CA; Colorado River; upper San Pedro River, AZ 187 dated egg sets Exposure Factor Datasets

Empidonax traillii ssp. brewsteri

Citation:

Empidonax traillii extimus: An endangered subspecies

Author(s)
Unitt, Philip
Pages
137-162
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal May 15 date of earliest arrival of spring migrants Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Bubo virginianus

Citation:

Growth analysis of a female great horned owl in central Ohio

Author(s)
Springer, Mark A.
Pages
218-221
Year
Issue
6
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Growth Rate 0.1900 growth constant based on logistic growth equation Female Nestling Delaware County 1 owl Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Notes on nesting great horned owls in southern Arizona

Author(s)
Mader, William J.
Pages
109-111
Year
Issue
3/4
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Mating/ Laying February (peak), March (end) egg laying dates Female Adult Pima and Pinal Counties 16 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2.5 mean clutch size 2-4 eggs/clutch Female Adult Pima and Pinal Counties 16 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.1 rate of production of young at least 4 weeks old young/nest Not Reported Nestling Pima and Pinal Counties 16 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
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