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| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | range of mean breeding bird densities on three grassland-sagebrush sites (over two years) | 2.0-3.5 | territories/16 ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | Wasatch National Forest | 3 sites | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 101.5 | mean body weight | 88.3-114.0 | g | Male | Adult | 8 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Body Weight - Mean | 75.9 | mean body weight | 74.1-79.6 | g | Female | Adult | 3 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Sturnella sp., Colaptes, sparrows, Lepus californicus, Sigmodon hispidus, Sylvilagus sp., Felis domesticus | species observed to be scavenged by meadowlarks | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 0 to 12 (+/-15) | mean nest densities in untilled corn or soybean fields | nests/100 ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | Adair County | 8-9 fields | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | cunner (59.7%), winter flounder (15.5%), sculpin (2.4%), rock eel (0.3%), American eel (6.6%), pollack (9.8%), mummichog (5.8%) | frequency by weight of fish regurgitated by adult cormorants | Both Male and Female | Adult | Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) | 17 samples | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Food Ingestion Rate | see figure | estimated average energy intake during the nestling period (to 50 days of age) | kcal/bird/day | Both Male and Female | Nestling | Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic Rate | oxygen consumption during brooding period (to about 2 wks of age) | 1.0-1.5 | cm^3/g BW/hr | Both Male and Female | Nestling | Duck Island, Isle of Shoals (43 deg. 00'N, 70 deg 35'W) | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Error | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | shad (26.1%), large roughfish (2.5%), small forage species (1.2%), catfish (9.6%), bass (16.5%), sunfish (15.0%), crappies (5.6%), other fishes (23.3%) | percent occurence of prey items by weight in stomach contents | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | east TX | 420 cormorants | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | 2.3 | 0.02 SE | kg | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | east TX | 420 cormorants | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Nesting | year-round | time during which active nests were observed | Both Male and Female | Adult | south FL | 30 colonies | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 1.33 | kg | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | 5 cormorants | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Metabolic Rate | 85 | measured during the day over temperature range -10 to 45 C | cm^3 O2/g BW/hr | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | 5 cormorants | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Metabolic Rate | 74 | measured at night over temperature range -10 to 45 C | cm^3 O2/g BW/hr | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | 5 cormorants | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Metabolic Rate | minimal metabolic rate measured over a range of incident radiation (0-700 watts/m^2) | 85-95 | cm^3 O2/g BW/hr | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | 5 cormorants | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Error | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Rate | 0.120 | rate of growth from hatch to fledge | 0.017 SD | Not Reported | Juvenile | Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence | 33 chicks | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | 34.7 | 2.96 SD | g | Not Reported | Hatchling | Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence | 33 chicks | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | 1900.5 | mean asymptotic weight of fledglings | 189.8 SD | g | Not Reported | Fledgling | Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence | 33 chicks | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Food Ingestion Rate | 4.30 | mean frequency of daily feeding of first hatched chick of a brood | 1.90 SD | feedings/d | Not Reported | Juvenile | Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence | 64 observations | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Food Ingestion Rate | mean meal weight of chicks aged 5-37 days | 10-125 | g | Not Reported | Juvenile | Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence | 2 chicks | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Survival/ Mortality | 12/46 | number died/number hatched | Not Reported | Juvenile | Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence | 14 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Error | Range | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foraging Distance | 15.7 | mean distance travelled from night roost to foraging site | 2.0 SE | 3.5-61.8 | km | Both Male and Female | Adult | Mississippi River Delta | 33 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 17-08 | from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data | yr-mo | Not Reported | Adult | 4174 band recoveries | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Nesting | April-June | period during which nest initiations were observed | Both Male and Female | Adult | San Francisco Bay estuary | 296-424 nests/year | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 0.98 +/- 0.07 to 1.78 +/- 0.06 | mean number of chicks fledged/nest (over 3 years) | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | San Francisco Bay estuary | 296-424 nests/year | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.1+/- 0.1 to 3.2+/- 0.1 | mean number of eggs/nest (over 3 years) | Female | Adult | San Francisco Bay estuary | 263-312 nests/year | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Hatching Success | 76% | proportion of nests in which at least one egg hatched | Both Male and Female | Hatchling | San Francisco Bay estuary | 1056 nests | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Range | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | range in mean clutches in ground nests (across 4 years) | 2.82-3.62 | Female | Adult | Lake Ontario (43 deg 53'N, 76 deg 24'W) | 34-127 nests/colony | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 2.14 | mean number of young produced/active nest (across 10 yrs) | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | Lake Ontario (43 deg 53'N, 76 deg 24'W) | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | herring (25%), sculpin (92%), flounder (8%), anemones (8%), snails (17%), mussels (33%), amphipods (25%), isopods (17%), benthic shrimp (25%), crabs (25%), bryozoans (58%), algae (50%) | frequency of occurrence of food items in stomach contents | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | Quoddy Region, New Brunswick | 12 stomachs | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 23-05 | from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data | yr-mo | Not Reported | Adult | 522,261 band recoveries | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 12-03 | from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data | yr-mo | Not Reported | Adult | 321 band recoveries | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 11-07 | from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data | yr-mo | Not Reported | Adult | 1832 band recoveries | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 7-06 | from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data | yr-mo | Not Reported | Adult | 758 band recoveries | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 10-11 | from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data | yr-mo | Not Reported | Adult | 86 band recoveries | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 1(+/-2) to 5 (+/-6) | mean nest densities in untilled corn or soybean fields | nests/100 ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | Adair County | 8-9 fields | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | ad. Coleoptera (16%), larval Coleoptera (10%), other larval Diptera (58%), larval Lepidoptera (11%), miscellaneous (5%) | aggregate percentage of food items in diet, based on stomach content analysis | Not Reported | Adult | Texas High Plains | 7 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 7-00 | from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data | yr-mo | Not Reported | Adult | 35 band recoveries | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 0 to 5 (+/-8) | mean nest densities in untilled corn or soybean fields | nests/100 ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | Adair County | 8-9 fields | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Sample Size | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 4 (+/-4) | mean nest densities in strip cover along fields | nests/100 ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | Adair County | 35 fields | Exposure Factor Datasets |
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