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Anas platyrhynchos

Citation:

Metabolizable energy of small grains for mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, Lawson G.
Pages
781-785
Year
Issue
4
Volume
35
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate 38.01 The value is an average calculated from average intake on eight different diets. See table 1 p. 783 for specific diet averages. grams/duck/day Female Juvenile 12 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Spring and summer survival of female mallards from northcentral Minnesota

Author(s)
Kirby, Ronald E. and Lewis M. Cowardin
Pages
38-43
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality 0.713 survival rate Female Both Adults and Juveniles Chippewa National Forest Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Grain consumption by mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, L.G.
Pages
35-39
Year
Issue
1
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate 70 mean daily ingestion of barley at 15 C g/day/duck Male Juvenile 16 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Harvest distribution and survival of mallards banded in California

Author(s)
Rienecker, Warren C.
Year
Issue
1
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality 61 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 percent Male Adult Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 56 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Female Adult Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 47 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Male Juvenile Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 46 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Female Juvenile Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Heart and body growth in ducks

Author(s)
Gille, U. and F.V. Salomon
Pages
75-81
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Growth Rate 1.81%/d maximum growth rate relative to asymptotic weight Male Juvenile 48 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stomach contents of diving and dabbling ducks during fall migration in the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada

Author(s)
Guillemette, Magella, Francois Bolduc and Jean-Luc DesGrandes
Pages
167-175
Year
Volume
45
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition gastropoda (0.001), crustacea (0.007), insecta (0.003), and plant (0.980) mean relative proportions (wet mass) of stomach contents Both Male and Female Not Reported St. Lawrence River 22 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mallard mortality rates on key breeding and wintering areas

Author(s)
Blohm, R.J., R.E. Reynolds, J.P. Bladen, J.D. Nichols, J.E. Hines, K.H. Pollock, and R.T. Eberhardt
Pages
264-284
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality 0.998 spring-summer survival (proportion) Male Adult Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba 18,650 Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.603 spring-summer survival (proportion) Female Adult Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba 16,562 Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.782 fall-winter survival (proportion) Male Adult Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba 18,650 Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.961 fall-winter survival (proportion) Female Adult Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba 16,562 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Spring-summer survival rates of yearling versus adult mallard females

Author(s)
Reynolds, Ronald E., Robert J. Blohm, James D. Nichols and James E. Hines
Pages
691-696
Year
Issue
4
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality 0.574 spring-summer survival (proportion) 0.053 SE Female Adult Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba 11,139 Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.728 spring-summer survival (proportion) 0.079 (SE) Female Yearling Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba 1,246 Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.915 summer to spring survival (proportion) 0.090 (SE) Female Adult Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba 11,139 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproductive capacities of control mallard ducks (Anas platyrynchos) during a one-generation reproduction study

Author(s)
Piccirillo, V.J. and R.P. Quesenberry
Pages
133-140
Year
Issue
5/6
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate 574.7-1182.8 g/wk range of mean food consumption over the breeding period Both Male and Female Adult 90 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relative success of overwater and upland mallard nests in southwestern Manitoba

Author(s)
Arnold, T.W., M.D. Sorenson, and J.J. Rotella
Year
Issue
3
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Hatching Success 43.9% nest success rate (Mayfield method) among overwater nests Female Adult Minnedosa, Manitoba 47 Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 12.2% nest success rate (Mayfield method) among upland nests Female Adult Minnedosa, Manitoba 49 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food use by migratory female mallards in northwest Missouri

Author(s)
Gruenhagen, Ned. M. and Leigh H. Fredrickson
Pages
622-626
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition plant (82.9-98.4%), and invertebrates (1.6-17.1%) ranges of mean aggregate percent dry mass (stomach contents of ducks from different habitats) Female Both Adults and Juveniles Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge 123 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Repeatability of wing molt timing of mallards in relation to breeding

Author(s)
Leafloor, James O. and Bruce D.J. Batt
Pages
2620-2624
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Time of Molt July 21-27 mean annual date of molt initiation (over 3 yr) Male Adult 126 Exposure Factor Datasets

Falco sparverius

Citation:

Foraging strategies of American kestrels during breeding

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri G.
Pages
1268-1276
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density 23 individuals per 96 km2 Both Male and Female Adult agricultural lands (lat, 38 deg 32'N; long., 121 deg 47'W) 23 Exposure Factor Datasets
Foraging Distance distance foraged from nest <0.5-3.5 km Female Adult agricultural lands (lat, 38 deg 32'N; long., 121 deg 47'W) 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The hunting behavior of American kestrels: Applications of foraging theory

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri Gale
Pages
64
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition mammal (57%), insect (42%), other (1%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult agricultural lands 59 pellets Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition mammal (43%), insect (51%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult agricultural lands 71 pellets Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition mammal (39%), insect (60%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult agricultural lands 95 pellets Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition mammal (24%), insect (74%), other (2%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult agricultural lands 104 pellets Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition mammal (82%), insect (16%), other (2%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult agricultural lands 116 pellets Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of vegetative cover on foraging strategies, hunting success and nesting distribution of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R.
Pages
14-20
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density 48 individuals in 175 km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles agricultural lands, woodlots, meadows 1 study area Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 50 individuals in 175 km2 Both Male and Female Adult agricultural lands, woodlots, meadows 1 study area Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Influence of nest-box placement and density on abundance and productivity of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R. and William H. Elder
Pages
712-717
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 5.0 three year mean fledging rate 3.5-5.46 number of fledglings per nest Both Male and Female Fledgling rural and urban lands 28 pairs Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 5.1 mean clutch size over 3 years 4.8-5.2 eggs per nest Female Adult rural and urban lands 28 pairs Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 0.06 mean pair density in study area (194 km2) 0.05-0.13 pairs per km2 Both Male and Female Adult rural and urban lands 5 years Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 0.22 mean density in study area individuals per km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles rural and urban lands 5 years Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A study of factors affecting nesting raptor populations in urban ares, Sacramento County, California - 1974

Author(s)
Vincenty, Joseph A., III
Pages
1-21
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Branch Administrative Report No. 74-5
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.2 fledging rate per successful nest fledglings per nest Both Male and Female Fledgling American River; oak woodlands, grasslands, residential 17 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Hatching Success 79 mean hatchability measured over 4 years 70-83 % Both Male and Female Hatchling Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) 157 boxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding behavior of the American kestrel (sparrow hawk)

Author(s)
Willoughby, Ernest J. and Tom J. Cade
Pages
75-96
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 28.4 mean incubation period in captivity 27-33 d Both Male and Female Embryo 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 3.66 mean clutch size in captivity 3-4 eggs Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Prediction of raptor resting metabolism: comparison of measured values with statistical and biophysical estimates

Author(s)
Hayes, Stephen R. and James A. Gessaman
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 dorsal surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 ventral surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
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