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Zalophus californianus

Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake

Author(s)
Iverson, S. J., O.T. Oftedal and D.J. Boness
Pages
180-184
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 9.12 0.128 SE kg Female Pup San Nicolas Island 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 107.5 daily weight gain during 1st mo of life 5.74 SE g/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 95.0 daily weight gain during 1st mo of life 11.75 SE g/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Milk and energy intakes of suckling California Sea Lions (Z. californicus) pups in relation to sex, growth and predicted maintenance requirements

Author(s)
Oftedal, Olav T., Sara J. Iverson and Daryl J. Boness
Pages
560-575
Year
Issue
5
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Water Ingestion Rate 549 total daily water intake derived from sum of milk water intake and metabolic water production 21.6 SE g/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 19 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Oxygen cost of swimming in a trained California sea lion

Author(s)
Costello, R.R. and G.C. Whittow
Pages
645-647
Year
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption during swimming L O2/min Male Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

California sea lion distribution: A statistical analysis of aerial transect data

Author(s)
Bonnell, Michael L. and R. Glenn Ford
Pages
13-20
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density see citation maps of sea lion densities #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles southern California Bight Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Studies on the biology of the California sea lion and the northern elephant seal on San Nicolas Island, California

Author(s)
Odell, Daniel Keith
Pages
p.147
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Territory Size 130 15-291 m2 Male Adult San Nicolas Island, CA 24-25 males Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition May/June Not Reported Pup San Nicolas Island 127 pups Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying June/July Both Male and Female Adult San Nicolas Island, CA not reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Potential heavy metal influence on the death of several species of pinnipeds

Author(s)
Van Heekeren, A. and Edwin J. Skoch
Pages
51-61
Year
Volume
18
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS, COPPER COMPOUNDS, LEAD COMPOUNDS, SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, ZINC COMPOUNDS increase incidence of epileptiform seizures and subsequent death associated with "unusual" Se levels Female Adult 1 range of metal residue levels in brain, liver, heart, muscle and fat (ppm dry wt); Cd, 0.18 - 3.03; Cr, 1.24-2.39; Cu 1.86 - 87.74; Pb, 77.21-110.90; Se 222-255; Zn 4.89-240.28 TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Premature birth in California sea lions: Association with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels.

Author(s)
DeLong, Robert L., William G. Gilmartin and John G. Simpson
Pages
1168-1170
Year
Issue
4105
Volume
181
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS increase incidence of premature parturtion associated with elevated DDT and PCB residues, compared to full term parturient group Female Adult San Miguel Island 4-6/group Premature parturient group (ppm wet wt): DDT 824.4 (blubber), PCBs 112.4 (blubber), DDT 25.24 (liver), PCBs 5.74 (liver): Full term parturient group (ppm wt wt): DDT 103.2 (blubber), PCBs 17.1 (blubber), DDT 6.67 (liver), PCBs 1.32 (liver) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Selenium toxicosis in three California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)

Author(s)
Edwards, William C., D. L. Whitenack, J. W. Alexander and M. A., Solangi
Pages
568-570
Year
Issue
6
Volume
31
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS 36.11 - 88.4 ug/g wet wt (liver); 7.12 - 32.8 ug/g wet wt (kidney) selenium concentration range in liver and kidney of dead animals Not Reported Not Reported 3 fish diet Se concn. range; 0.70 - 1.06 ug/g wet wt TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Premature parturition in the Califonia sea lion

Author(s)
Gilmartin, W. G., R. L. DeLong, A. W. Smith, J. C. Sweeney, B. W. De Lappe, R. W. Risebrough, L. A. Griner, M. D. Dailey and D. B. Peakall
Pages
104-115
Year
Issue
1
Volume
12
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS increase incidence of premature parturition associated with elevated DDT and PCB levels, compared to full term parturient group Female Adult San Miguel Island 10/group Premature parturient group (ppm wet wt): p,p'-DDE 350-939 (blubber), PCBs 33.0-92.4 (blubber); p,p'-DDE 8.54-30.4 (liver), PCBs 0.63-6.08 (liver): Full term parturient group (ppm wt wt): p,p'-DDE 16.3-342 (blubber), PCBs 4.73-39.5 (blubber); p,p'-DDE 0.93 TOX-REPRO - physiology NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus californianus)

Author(s)
Buhler, D. R., R. R. Clayes and B. R. Mate
Pages
2391-2397
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, DDT (Technical Grade Mixture), MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS increase incidence of kidney histopathological lesions in "sick" or dead animals compared to "healthy" animals, consistent with diagnosis of leptospirosis Male Adult 2-8/group residues significantly different between groups (ppm, wet wt): "Sick"; Hg 127.5 - 170.1(liver), Cd 0.17 (cerebellum), DDE 23.9 (liver), PCBs 2.79 (liver): "Healthy"; Hg 74.1 - 95.7 (liver), Cd 0.042 (cerebellum), DDE 11.1 (liver), PCBs 4.87(liver) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mercury-selenium-bromine imbalance in premature parturient California sea lions

Author(s)
Martin, J.H., P.D. Elliott, V.C. Anderlini, D. Girvin, S.A. Jacobs, R.W. Risebrough, R.L. Delong and W.G. Gilmartin
Pages
91-104
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
BROMINE COMPOUNDS, CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, COPPER COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, MANGANESE COMPOUNDS, MERCURY COMPOUNDS, SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SILVER COMPOUNDS, ZINC COMPOUNDS increase incidence of premature parturition correlated with different metal concentrations and ratios Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 10/group see citation for table of residue data for 13 metals in pre-term vs full-term mothers and pups TOX-REPRO - physiology NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
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