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Enhydra lutris

Citation:

Reproduction, survival and tag loss in California sea otters

Author(s)
Siniff, Donald B., and Katherine Ralls
Pages
211-229
Year
Issue
3
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning <80 or >120 estimate time period that pups spent with mothers d Not Reported Juvenile 24 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 11 oldest animal captured in study yr Female Adult 1 animal Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Water pollution and otter distribution: A review

Author(s)
Mason, C.F.
Pages
97-131
Year
Issue
2
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality review Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Activity and prey selection in the sea otter: Influence of population status on community structure

Author(s)
Estes, James A., Ronald J. Jameson, and Elaine B. Rhodes
Pages
242-258
Year
Issue
2
Volume
120
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition sea urchins (47.8-70.2%), mussels (0.4-3.1%), sea stars (0.5-0.8%), crabs (1.4-5.2%), clams (0.4-1.8%), octopus (0.0-0.9%), anemone (0.0-0.2%), algal holdfasts (0.0-2.6%), fish (0.0-12.3%), fish eggs (0.0-0.9%), chitons (0.2-0.8%), coralline algae (0.0-0.2%), unknown (14.6-26.7%), unsuccessful (3.4-7.1%) percentage (ranges) of total dives that resulted in capture of different prey items at three locations Not Reported Not Reported Amchitka and Attu (Aleutian Islands), and Blanco Reef, OR 425-584 dives/location Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Temporal and spatial patterns in sea otter, Enhydra lutris, range expansion and in the loss of pismo clam fisheries

Author(s)
Wendell, Frederick E., Robert A. Hardy, Jack A. Ames and Richard T. Bruce
Pages
197-212
Year
Issue
4
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition pismo clams (559), unidentified bivalves (1), rock crabs (1), market crabs (1), unidentified crabs (1), unidentied food items (15) number of prey retreived, based on observations from shore Not Reported Not Reported Pismo Beach 578 observed retrievals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Metabolism and thermoregulation in the sea otter

Author(s)
Morrison, Peter, Mario Rosenmann and James E. Estes
Pages
218-229
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate 0.72 average basal metabolism in air 0.06 cc O2/g x hr Not Reported Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.85 average basal metabolic rate in water cc O2/g x hr Not Reported Not Reported 13 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.99 average metabolic rate in air cc O2/g x hr Not Reported Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 1.21 average metabolic rate in water cc O2/g x hr Not Reported Not Reported 13 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Author(s)
Kenyon, Karl W.
Pages
1-352
Year
Issue
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 1.75 1.2-2.5 kg Male Juvenile Amchitka Island 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1.96 1.02-2.83 kg Female Juvenile Amchitka Island 6 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 28.3 7.98 SD 21.8-38.6 kg Male Adult Amchitka Island 79 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 21.1 6.49 SD 14.5-31.7 kg Female Adult Amchitka Island 254 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 4.04 0.9-7.2 kg/d Female Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition vertebrates (fish; 50%), mollusks (37%), echinoderms (11%), annelid worms (1%), tunicates (<1%), crabs/shrimp (<1%) mean percent of total stomach content volume contributed by dietary items Not Reported Not Reported Amchitka Island 309 stomachs Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 4 yr Female Juvenile Amchitka Island Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation estimated gestation including delayed implantation period 12-13 mo Female Adult Amchitka Island 275 reproductive tracts Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year annual reproductive rate, based on field count, sex ratio, reproductive tract data 14-15 % Both Male and Female Adult Amchitka Island Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 1 litter size as indicated by reproductive tract examination pup Female Adult Amchitka Island 278 reproductive tracts Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality annual mortality over two years estimated from carcass searches on beaches 8-11 % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Amchitka Island 1 population (1076 otters) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Maternal behavior in the California sea otter

Author(s)
Sandegren, Finn E., Ellen W. Chu and Judson E. Vandevere
Pages
668-679
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition December to February peak period of birth Female Adult Point Lobos State Reserve to Lucia Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Annual reproduction, dependency period, and apparent gestation period in two California sea otters, Enydra lutris

Author(s)
Loughlin, Thomas R., Jack A. Ames, and Judson E. Vandevere
Pages
347-349
Year
Issue
2
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean range of body weights 22-25 kg Female Adult near Monterey 2 otters Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation range of estimated gestation period, based on observations 4-6 mo Female Adult near Monterey 2 otters Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal observed ages at which pups were no longer observed with mothers 3.5-8.5 mo Not Reported Juvenile near Monterey 5 pups Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Enhydra lutris

Author(s)
Estes, James A.
Pages
1-8
Year
Volume
133
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Movement and spatial use patterns of California sea otters

Author(s)
Ralls, Katherine, Thomas C. Eagle and Donald B. Siniff
Pages
1841-1849
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method 7 - 223 ha Male Adult Monterey to San Luis Obispo 9 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method 221 - 759 ha Male Juvenile Monterey to San Luis Obispo 5 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method 10 - 1166 ha Female Adult Monterey to San Luis Obispo 16 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method 32 - 214 ha Female Juvenile Monterey to San Luis Obispo 10 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Physiologic and toxic effects on sea otters

Author(s)
Geraci, Joseph R. and Thomas D. Williams
Pages
211-221
Publisher
Academic Press, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CRUDE OILS review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported multiple TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal NR NR Toxicity Factor Datasets

Enhydra lutris ssp. nereis

Citation:

Abundance, distribution, and behavior of the southern sea otter (Enydra lutris nereis) in a California estuary

Author(s)
Feinholz, Daniela M.
Pages
105-116
Year
Volume
24.2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density range of densities for entire study area for 2 yrs 3.57 - 19.07 #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Elkhorn Slough Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Butyltin residues in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found dead along California coastal waters

Author(s)
Kannan, Kurunthachalam, Keerthi S. Guruge, Nancy J. Thomas, Shinsuke Tanabe and John P. Giesy
Pages
1169-1175
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
TIN, BUTYL increase otters that died of infectious disease contained butyltin liver concentrations greater than those that died of trauma Both Male and Female Adult 8-14 animals mean liver butyltin residue levels in otters where disease was cause of death = 1570 (range = 40-5300 ng/g wet wt) compared to those that died of trauma = 220 (range = 92-480 ng/g wet wt) TOX-MORT - mortality in the field NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Accumulation pattern of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found stranded along coastal California, USA

Author(s)
Nakata, H., K. Kannan, L. Jing, N. Thomas, S. Tanabe and J.P. Giesy
Pages
45-53
Year
Volume
103
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) increase otters that died from infectious diseases contained higher liver DDTs concentrations that those that died of trauma Both Male and Female Adult 4-8 mean liver DDTs residues in otters where disease was cause of death = 2000 (range = 290-4700 ng/g wet wt) compared to those that died of trauma = 1400 (range = 280 - 3800 ng/g wet wt) TOX-MORT - mortality in the field NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
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