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Zalophus californianus

Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake

Author(s)
Iverson, S. J., O.T. Oftedal and D.J. Boness
Pages
180-184
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate 5.96 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight 0.405 SE %/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 5.93 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight 0.467 SE %/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of the 1982-1983 El Nino on several population parameters and diet of California sea lions on the Califonia channel islands

Author(s)
DeLong, R. L., G.A. Antonelis, C.W. Oliver, B.S. Stewart, M.S. Lowry and P.K. Yochem
Pages
166-172
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean range of mean weights taken over 5 yrs at 2 sites 14.6 - 23.2 kg Male Pup San Miguel and San Clemente Islands 51 - 136/yr Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mortality of California sea lion pups at Los Islotes, Baja California, Mexico

Author(s)
Aurioles, David and Francisco Sinsel
Pages
180-183
Year
Issue
1
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality 51.6 mean annual minimum survival rate; data collection started 5-6 weeks after beginning of pupping season 7.7 SD 44.0 - 59.4 % Not Reported Pup Los Islotes, Baja California Sur 3 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Air temperature and direct partitional calorimetry of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)

Author(s)
South, F.E., R. H. Luecke, M. L. Zatzman and M. D. Shanklin
Pages
27-30
Year
Issue
1
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 32.6 - 37.0 kg Female Juvenile 2 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 2.1 resting metabolism kcal/kg/hr Female Juvenile 2 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Oxygen uptake of the California sea lion and harbour seal during exposure to heat

Author(s)
Matsuura, D. T. and G. C. Whittow
Pages
711-715
Year
Issue
3
Volume
225
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate 321.4 oxygen uptake at rectal temperature of 16.4C. 23.7 SE ml O2/min Both Male and Female Adult 3 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 403.7 oxygen uptake at rectal temperature of 30.9C. 36.0 SE ml O2/min Both Male and Female Adult 3 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate 4.2 initial defecation time hours Both Male and Female Adult 3 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity of captive mammals

Author(s)
Jones, Marvin L.
Pages
113-128
Year
Issue
2
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Longevity 28 captive longevity record yrs Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Foraging chracteristics of female northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursius) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)

Author(s)
Antonelis, George A., Brent S. Stewart and Wayne F. Perryman
Pages
150-158
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Foraging Distance 54.2 32.4 SD km Female Adult Adams Cove, San Miguel Island [lat., 34^o01'55"N; long., 120^o26'25" W] 9 Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition northern anchovy (65%); Pacific Whiting (52%); market squid (13%) % occurrence of most frequent prey in scats % Female Adult Adams Cove, San Miguel Island [lat., 34^o01'55"N; long., 120^o26'25" W] 23 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Newborn size in marine mammals

Author(s)
Scheffer, V. B.
Pages
19-26
Year
Issue
3
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean neonate weight 14-17 lbs Not Reported Neonate 16 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

An overview of captive births and survivorship of California sea lions 1985-1995

Author(s)
Gates, Luke, Suzanne Tatersall and David Nicholson
Pages
5-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality 66 mean annual survivorship for animals >30 d 14-100 % Not Reported Juvenile captive in British facilities 38 births/10 yr Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal and annual variability in the diet of California Sea Lions Zalophus californianus at San Nicholas Island, California, 1981-86

Author(s)
Lowry, Mark S., Brent S. Stewart, Carolyn B. Heath, Pamela K. Yochem and John M. Francis
Pages
331-336
Year
Issue
2
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition northern anchovy (50.6%); Pacific whiting (29.3%); jack mackerel (27.9%); rockfish (25.9%); Pacific mackerel (11.3%); unid. fishes (6.6%); market squid (21.9%); octopus (6.4%); squid, Onychoteuthis (4.7%); squid, Abraliopsis (2.2%); pelagic red crab (10.8%) % frequency of occurrence of major (>2%) prey in scats % Not Reported Not Reported San Nicholas Island 1232 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Milk and energy intakes of suckling California Sea Lions (Z. californicus) pups in relation to sex, growth and predicted maintenance requirements

Author(s)
Oftedal, Olav T., Sara J. Iverson and Daryl J. Boness
Pages
560-575
Year
Issue
5
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate 723 daily milk intake 31.0 SE g/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 24 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 609 daily milk intake 24.0 SE g/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 19 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Fat (total or %) 18.7 % Male Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 1 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Fat (total or %) 19.3 % Female Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 1 Exposure Factor Datasets
Water Ingestion Rate 651 total daily water intake derived from sum of milk water intake and metabolic water production 27.9 SE g/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 24 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate daily energy intake estimated from milk intake; range of means for 2 yrs 2144 - 2636 kcal/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 5-9/yr Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate daily energy intake estimated from milk intake; range of means for 2 yrs 2032 - 2152 kcal/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 1-8/yr Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate daily weight gain; range of means for 2 yrs 92.4 - 120.6 g/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 5-9/yr Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate daily weight gain; range of means for 2 yrs 95.0 - 109.1 g/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] 4-8/yr Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption during steady-state swimming in California sea lions

Author(s)
Butler, P. J., A. J. Woakes, I.L. Boyd and S. Kanatous
Pages
35-42
Year
Volume
170
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 32.2 1.6 SE 25.7-38.1 kg Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 5.1 resting metabolic rate 0.4 SE ml O2/min/kg Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica

Citation:

Reproduction and spacing patterns of kit foxes relative to changing prey availability

Author(s)
White, Patrick J. and Katherine Ralls
Pages
861-867
Year
Issue
4
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density minimum densities of foxes in study area over three years 1 fox /4.1 km2 - 1 fox / 6.5 km2 Both Male and Female Adult Carrizo Plain Natural Area 15-22 foxes/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 1-3 pups Female Adult Carrizo Plain Natural Area 4 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 11.6 individual home range size 0.9 SE km2 Both Male and Female Adult Carrizo Plain Natural Area 21 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Functional and numerical responses of kit foxes to a short-term decline in mammalian prey

Author(s)
White, Patrick J., Callie A. Vanderbilt White and Katherine Ralls
Pages
370-376
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition deer mice (10.8%), kangaroo rats (8.4%), pocket gophers (2.9%), pocket mice (20.0%), woodrats (0.6%), ground squirrels (6.4%), birds (7.5%), insects (33.5%), leporids (4.7%), reptiles (2.0%), percentage occurrence of prey types in feces % Both Male and Female Adult Carrizo Plain Natural Area 834 feces Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Distribution and habitat requirements of the San Joaquin kit fox in the northern extreme of their range

Author(s)
Orloff, Susan, Frank Hall and Linda Spiegel
Pages
60-70
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Jerusalem crickets (27%), unident. birds (2%), rabbits (3%), California ground squirrel (35%), pocket mice (2%), western harvest mice (17%), Peromyscus sp. (13%) percent volume of total prey items in scat % Both Male and Female Not Reported Bethany Reservoir 10 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Jerusalem crickets (1%), unident. reptiles (1%), unident. birds (1%), rabbits (5%), California ground squirrel (62%), pocket mice (5%), western harvest mice (10%), Peromyscus sp. (11%) percent volume of total prey items in scat % Both Male and Female Not Reported Bethany Reservoir 10 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Jerusalem crickets (20%), unident. insects (4%), unident. birds (10%), desert cottontail (1%), rabbits (5%), California ground squirrel (27%), pocket mice (13%), western harvest mice (9%), Peromyscus sp. (9%), unident. cricetid rodents (5%) percent volume of total prey items in scat % Both Male and Female Not Reported Bethany Reservoir 10 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition unident. vegetation (4%), California ground squirrel (83%), California pocket mice (2%), Peromyscus sp. (5%), unident. cricetid rodents (5%) percent volume of total prey items in scat % Both Male and Female Not Reported Bethany Reservoir 10 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 80 % Both Male and Female Juvenile Bethany Reservoir 5 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 67 % Both Male and Female Adult Bethany Reservoir 3 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis

Citation:

Size and spatial organization of home ranges of kit foxes in Arizona

Author(s)
Zoellick, Bruce W. and Norman S. Smith
Pages
83-88
Year
Issue
1
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range 9.8 home range as calculated with the grid-cell method 0.1.4 SE km2 Female Adult 7.5 km NW Tonopah 3 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 12.3 home range as calculated with the grid-cell method 1.0 SE km2 Male Adult 7.5 km NW Tonopah 4 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis

Citation:

Population dynamics of the kit fox in western Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
122-127
Year
Issue
3
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal late summer time of juvenile dispersal from natal territory Both Male and Female Juvenile western Utah Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 5+ average maximum age attained 4-7 yr Both Male and Female Adult western Utah Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
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