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Enhydra lutris

Citation:

Autumn movement and home range of sea otters in California

Author(s)
Ribic, Christine A.
Pages
795-801
Year
Issue
3
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range 3.7 3.1 SD km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo 11 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 0.8 0.8 SD km^2 Male Adult Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo 3 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 4.7 2.9 SD km^2 Female Adult Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo 8 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Energy, nitrogen, and electrolyte flux and sea water drinking in the sea otter Enhydra lutris

Author(s)
Costa, Daniel P.
Pages
35-44
Year
Issue
1
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 24.3 combined male and female weights 1.5 SE kg Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 18.6 kg Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 21.6 1.3 SE % of body mass/d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Water Ingestion Rate 269 25 SE mL/kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Water Ingestion Rate 62 Sea water ingestion rate 27 SE mL / kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 234 Daily total energy consumption 19 SE Kcal/kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 168 Net metabolizable energy Kcal/kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Estimating sea otter reproductive rates

Author(s)
Eberhardt, L.L. and K.B. Schneider
Pages
31-37
Publisher
Society for Marine Mammology
Year
Issue
1
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutches or Litters per year Pr {giving birth in a year} = 1- (1-p1)^120(1-p2)^65 p1 = daily probability of becoming pregnant during the high probability period p2 = daily probability of becoming pregnant during the remaining part of the year. p1 and p2 = 0.02 and 0.00067, respectively, based on observations from Prince William Sound, 0.890 - 0.898 Female Adult Aleutian islands, AK 1,482 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range and territoriality of sea otters near Monterey, California

Author(s)
Loughlin, T.R.
Year
Issue
3
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density 54 population density, 1975 - 1977 43-68 Animals per study area Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Monterey, CA 54 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean Weight for males 13-34 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles Monterey, CA 15 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean Weight for females 8-25 kg Female Both Adults and Juveniles Monterey, CA 9 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 35 Home range for territorial males 8.75 SE 18.3-57.8 ha Male Adult Monterey 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 44 Home range for non-territorial males 13.36 SE 29.3-137.6 ha Male Adult Monterey 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 80 19.04 SE 28.2-198.2 ha Female Adult Monterey 8 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding patterns and reproductive success of California sea otters

Author(s)
Riedman, Marianne L., James A. Estes, Michelle M. Staedler, Alisa A. Giles and David R. Carlson
Pages
391-399
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 198 119-264 d Female Adult Monterey Bay 53 Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.4 pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 3-6 years) Female Adult Monterey Bay 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.75 pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 7-10 years) Female Adult Monterey Bay 12 Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.0 pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 11-14 years) Female Adult Monterey Bay 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food selection and some foraging tactics of sea otters

Author(s)
Estes, J.A., R.J. Jameson and A.M. Johnson
Pages
606-641
Publisher
Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition unidentifed crab (11.5%), pugettia (8.9%), cancer species (11.0%), unidentified abalone (0.7%), red abalone (1.0%), black abalone (0%), clam (2.9%), turbon snail (12.0%), kelp and holdfasts (0.2%), unidentifed (37.7%), mussel (2.6%), annelid (1.0%), limpet (0.2%), scallop (0%), octopus (6.2%), red urchin (0%), cucumaria (0.2%), purple uechin (1.0%), pisaster species (1.7%), barnacle (1.2%) dietary composition for adults % Both Male and Female Adult Piedras Blancas 608 Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition unidentifed crab (15.0%), pugettia (4.5%), cancer species (6.8%), unidentified abalone (0%), red abalone (0%), black abalone (0%), clam (0.8%), turbon snail (19.6%), kelp and holdfasts (0%), unidentifed (42.9%), mussel (0.8%), annelid (0%), limpet (0%), scallop (0%), octopus (0.8%), red urchin (6.0%), cucumaria (0%), purple urchin (2.3%), pisaster species (0.8%), barnacle (0%) dietary composition for juveniles % Both Male and Female Juvenile Piedras Blancas 156 Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica

Citation:

Use of human-derived food items by urban kit foxes

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L. and Gregory D. Warrick
Pages
34-37
Year
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition human derived food items (12.2%), ground squirrel (67.8%), pocket gopher (3.9%), unident. rodent (5.0%), leporid (5.0%), bird (12.2%), insect (23.3%), other (2.2%) frequency of occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported Bakersfield, CA 180 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sources and rates of San Joaquin kit fox mortality in western Kern County, California

Author(s)
Disney, Michele and Linda K. Spiegel
Pages
73-82
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 0.4-.63 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles extreme southern San Joaquin Valley 57 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 0.55-0.57 Male Adult extreme southern San Joaquin Valley 25 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 0.27-0.86 Female Adult extreme southern San Joaquin Valley 32 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Hawbecker, Albert C.
Pages
499
Year
Issue
4
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Dipodomus ingens (17%), Dipodomys sp. (14%), D. heermanni (10%), Unident. rodents (6%), Oedaleonotus enigma (66%), Pocalta ursinus (5%), Coniontis sp. (1%), Stenopelmatus (9%), grass (74%) Percent occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 6 mi. east of Panoche 74 scats (1 den) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

San Joaquin kit fox: its distribution and abundance

Author(s)
Laughrin, Lyndal
Pages
20
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Branch Administrative Report
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 1 estimated average density based on censuses and literature values fox/2.8 mi2 Both Male and Female Adult 108 dens Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Life history of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Morrell, Stephen
Pages
162-174
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range approximate range of individual foxes 1-2 mi2 Both Male and Female Adult Buena Vista Valley 12 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis

Citation:

Notes on kit fox biology in Utah

Author(s)
Daneke, Dennis, Melvin Sunquist and Stephen Berwick
Pages
361-362
Year
Issue
3
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range 1.9 calculated with Minimum Area Method 1.1 SD km2 Male Adult Pine Valley 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 1.4 calculated with Minimum Area Method 0.7 SD km2 Female Adult Pine Valley 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 4.2 calculated with Minimum Area Method 1.5 SD km2 Male Adult Pine Valley 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 1.9 calculated with Minimum Area Method 1.2 SD km2 Female Adult Pine Valley 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population dynamics of the kit fox in western Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
122-127
Year
Issue
3
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density population density on 10,359.9 ha study area 470.9-1035.9 ha/fox Both Male and Female Adult western Utah foxes 9-22 Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean litter sizes over four years 2.75-5 pups Female Adult western Utah 2-6 litters/year Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis

Citation:

Metabolism and body temperature of two desert canids: Coyotes and kit foxes

Author(s)
Golightly, Richard T. and Robert D. Ohmart
Pages
624 - 635
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 1820 mean annual body weight g Both Male and Female Adult 20 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.0034 summer basal metabolic rate watts/g Both Male and Female Adult 12 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.0028 winter basal metabolic rate watts/g Both Male and Female Adult 12 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
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