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Enhydra lutris

Citation:

Movement and spatial use patterns of California sea otters

Author(s)
Ralls, Katherine, Thomas C. Eagle and Donald B. Siniff
Pages
1841-1849
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method 7 - 223 ha Male Adult Monterey to San Luis Obispo 9 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method 221 - 759 ha Male Juvenile Monterey to San Luis Obispo 5 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method 10 - 1166 ha Female Adult Monterey to San Luis Obispo 16 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method 32 - 214 ha Female Juvenile Monterey to San Luis Obispo 10 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Physiologic and toxic effects on sea otters

Author(s)
Geraci, Joseph R. and Thomas D. Williams
Pages
211-221
Publisher
Academic Press, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CRUDE OILS review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported multiple TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal NR NR Toxicity Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica

Citation:

Patterns of den use by San Joaquin kit foxes

Author(s)
Koopman, Marni E., Jerry H. Scrivner and Thomas T. Kato
Pages
373-379
Year
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range 4.3 average home range km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Naval Petroleum Reserves in California, Bakersfield Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Factors regulating kit fox populations

Author(s)
White, P.J. and Robert A. Garrott
Pages
1982-1988
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Population Density review #/km2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality review Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis

Citation:

Preliminary studies of the kit fox in Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
351-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
37
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition March to early April time of whelping Female Adult Tooele County, west. UT, elev. 4300-4800 ft Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 3.6 pairs/square mile Both Male and Female Adult Tooele County, west. UT, elev. 4300-4800 ft 9 individuals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
481-497
Year
Issue
3
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 4.55 mean body weight 3.8-5.5 lbs Male Adult Tooele County, west. UT 10 Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. arsipus

Citation:

Primary and secondary hazards of three rodenticides to kit fox

Author(s)
Schitoskey, Frank, Jr.
Pages
416-418
Year
Issue
2
Volume
39
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE 0.22 mg/kg bw (95% CI; 0.15 - 0.34 mg/kg) LD50 Not Reported Adult 2 animals/dose 0.10, 0.15, 0.22, 0.33 mg/kg bw TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
STRYCHNINE 0.75 mg/kg bw (95% CI; 0.33-1.69 mg/kg) LD50 Not Reported Adult 2 animals/dose 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.6 mg/kg bw TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
ZINC PHOSPHIDE 93 mg/kg bw (95% CI; 62-140 mg/kg) LD50 Not Reported Adult 2 animals/dose 62, 94, 140, 210 mg/kg bw TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets

Mephitis mephitis

Citation:

Acute toxcicity of sodium monofluoroacetate to the striped skunk

Author(s)
Eastland Warren G. and Samuel L. Beasom
Pages
934-936
Year
Volume
38
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE 0.347 mg/kg (95% CI; 0.212 - 0.541 mg/kg) median lethal dose Not Reported Not Reported 5-6 animals/dose 0.125, 0.250, 0.5, 0.75 mg/kg TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Potential secondary hazards of Compound 1080 to three mammalian scavengers

Author(s)
Eastland, Warren G. and Samuel L. Beasom
Pages
232-233
Year
Volume
14
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE 165 mg administered to coyote (95%CI; 107 - 392 mg) LD50; based on dose given to coyote; skunks were fed contaminated coyote tissue Not Reported Not Reported 1-8 per dose secondary; 4; 50; 100; 200; 400 mg to coyote TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks single diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative acute oral toxicity of para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) in mammals and birds

Author(s)
Savarie, Peter J., Huo Ping Pan, David J. Hayes, Jerry D. Roberts, Gary J. Dasch, Robert Felton and Edward W. Schafer, Jr.
Pages
122-126
Year
Volume
30
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
PARA-AMINOPROPIOPHENONE > 400 mg/kg LD50 Not Reported Not Reported 2/dose 3 doses TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets

Canis latrans

Citation:

Comparative acute oral toxicity of para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) in mammals and birds

Author(s)
Savarie, Peter J., Huo Ping Pan, David J. Hayes, Jerry D. Roberts, Gary J. Dasch, Robert Felton and Edward W. Schafer, Jr.
Pages
122-126
Year
Volume
30
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
PARA-AMINOPROPIOPHENONE 5.6 [3.0-10.4 (95% CI)] mg/kg LD50 Not Reported Not Reported 4/dose 3 doses TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Efficacy and safety of diphacinone as a predacide

Author(s)
Savarie, P.J., D.J. Hayes, R.T. McBride and J.D. Roberts
Pages
69-79
Publisher
American Society for Testing and Materials
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DIPHACINONE 0.6 [0.3 - 1.2 (95% CL)] mg/kg LD50 Both Male and Female Adult 2/dose 0, 0.16, 0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg TOX-MORT - toxicity benchmarks single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effect of lithium chloride in coyote pup diet

Author(s)
Burns, Richard J.
Pages
350-356
Year
Volume
50
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LITHIUM CHLORIDE decrease @ 18g/1500 g/d body weight gain in nursing pups of mothers fed LiCl contaminated diet Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 4 pups/2 adults 3 or 18 g LiCl/1500 g jackrabbit/d TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal 3 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Fluoroacetate residues in ground squirrel and coyote tissues due to primary or secondary 1080 poisoning

Author(s)
Casper, Howard H., Michael E. Mount, Rex E. Marsh and Robert H. Schmidt
Pages
441-442
Year
Volume
69
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE increase @ 535-9754 ppb all coyotes died after ingesting 1-2 ground squirrels poisoned with sodium monofluoroacetate Not Reported Pup 2 535-9754 ppb wet wt. fluoroacetate in tissues of poisoned squirrels TOX-MORT - dose-response data 12 hr diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Secondary hazards to coyotes of ground squirrels poisoned with 1080 or strychnine

Author(s)
Marsh, Rex. E., Robert H. Schmidt and Walter E. Howard
Pages
380-385
Year
Volume
15
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE increase @ 0.240 - 0.625 mg 1080/kg coyote 5/6 coyotes died after eating squirrels contaminated with 1080 bait (sodium monofluroacetate) Not Reported Adult 4-6/dose 0.055 - 0.094 or 0.240-0.625 mg 1080/kg coyote; estimated doses of "low" or "high" contaminated ground squirrels TOX-MORT - dose-response data single diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
STRYCHNINE increase @ 1.321 - 2.860 mg strychnine/kg coyote 1/4 coyotes died after ingesting contaminated ground squirrels Not Reported Adult 4/dose 0.275-1.059 or 1.321-2.860 mg strychnine/kg coyote; estimated dose of "low" or "high" contaminated ground squirrels TOX-MORT - dose-response data single diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hazards to wildlife associated with 1080 baiting for California ground squirrels

Author(s)
Hegdal, Paul L., Kathleen A. Fagherstone, Thomas A. Gatz, James F. Glahn and George H. Matschke
Pages
11-21
Year
Volume
14
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE increase @ 6.7 kg/ha 5/6 radio-equipped coyotes were found dead during post-treatment period Not Reported Not Reported Exeter, Tulare 6 6.7 kg/ha; 13.5 ppm in stomach of squirrel TOX-MORT - mortality in the field single field application Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Chlorinated benzenes as physiological markers for coyotes

Author(s)
Johnston, John J., Lamar A. Windberg, Carol A. Furcolow, Richard M. Engeman and Marianna Roetto
Pages
410-421
Year
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
PENTACHLOROBENZENE no effect mean body mass and appearance of eyes, gums, teeth and fur, compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 3/dose 0, 65, 130, 260, 520 mg/animal TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single oral via capsule Toxicity Factor Datasets
PENTACHLOROBENZENE no effect serum chemistry and hematological profile, compared to control Both Male and Female Adult 3/dose 0, 65, 130, 260, 520 mg/animal TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral via capsule Toxicity Factor Datasets
PENTACHLOROBENZENE see citation figures of feces and serum concentrations over time at the tested doses Both Male and Female Adult 3/dose 0, 65, 130, 260, 520 mg/animal TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single oral via capsule Toxicity Factor Datasets

Zalophus californianus

Citation:

Potential heavy metal influence on the death of several species of pinnipeds

Author(s)
Van Heekeren, A. and Edwin J. Skoch
Pages
51-61
Year
Volume
18
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS, COPPER COMPOUNDS, LEAD COMPOUNDS, SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, ZINC COMPOUNDS increase incidence of epileptiform seizures and subsequent death associated with "unusual" Se levels Female Adult 1 range of metal residue levels in brain, liver, heart, muscle and fat (ppm dry wt); Cd, 0.18 - 3.03; Cr, 1.24-2.39; Cu 1.86 - 87.74; Pb, 77.21-110.90; Se 222-255; Zn 4.89-240.28 TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Premature birth in California sea lions: Association with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels.

Author(s)
DeLong, Robert L., William G. Gilmartin and John G. Simpson
Pages
1168-1170
Year
Issue
4105
Volume
181
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS increase incidence of premature parturtion associated with elevated DDT and PCB residues, compared to full term parturient group Female Adult San Miguel Island 4-6/group Premature parturient group (ppm wet wt): DDT 824.4 (blubber), PCBs 112.4 (blubber), DDT 25.24 (liver), PCBs 5.74 (liver): Full term parturient group (ppm wt wt): DDT 103.2 (blubber), PCBs 17.1 (blubber), DDT 6.67 (liver), PCBs 1.32 (liver) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Selenium toxicosis in three California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)

Author(s)
Edwards, William C., D. L. Whitenack, J. W. Alexander and M. A., Solangi
Pages
568-570
Year
Issue
6
Volume
31
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS 36.11 - 88.4 ug/g wet wt (liver); 7.12 - 32.8 ug/g wet wt (kidney) selenium concentration range in liver and kidney of dead animals Not Reported Not Reported 3 fish diet Se concn. range; 0.70 - 1.06 ug/g wet wt TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Premature parturition in the Califonia sea lion

Author(s)
Gilmartin, W. G., R. L. DeLong, A. W. Smith, J. C. Sweeney, B. W. De Lappe, R. W. Risebrough, L. A. Griner, M. D. Dailey and D. B. Peakall
Pages
104-115
Year
Issue
1
Volume
12
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS increase incidence of premature parturition associated with elevated DDT and PCB levels, compared to full term parturient group Female Adult San Miguel Island 10/group Premature parturient group (ppm wet wt): p,p'-DDE 350-939 (blubber), PCBs 33.0-92.4 (blubber); p,p'-DDE 8.54-30.4 (liver), PCBs 0.63-6.08 (liver): Full term parturient group (ppm wt wt): p,p'-DDE 16.3-342 (blubber), PCBs 4.73-39.5 (blubber); p,p'-DDE 0.93 TOX-REPRO - physiology NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus californianus)

Author(s)
Buhler, D. R., R. R. Clayes and B. R. Mate
Pages
2391-2397
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, DDT (Technical Grade Mixture), MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS increase incidence of kidney histopathological lesions in "sick" or dead animals compared to "healthy" animals, consistent with diagnosis of leptospirosis Male Adult 2-8/group residues significantly different between groups (ppm, wet wt): "Sick"; Hg 127.5 - 170.1(liver), Cd 0.17 (cerebellum), DDE 23.9 (liver), PCBs 2.79 (liver): "Healthy"; Hg 74.1 - 95.7 (liver), Cd 0.042 (cerebellum), DDE 11.1 (liver), PCBs 4.87(liver) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mercury-selenium-bromine imbalance in premature parturient California sea lions

Author(s)
Martin, J.H., P.D. Elliott, V.C. Anderlini, D. Girvin, S.A. Jacobs, R.W. Risebrough, R.L. Delong and W.G. Gilmartin
Pages
91-104
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
BROMINE COMPOUNDS, CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, COPPER COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, MANGANESE COMPOUNDS, MERCURY COMPOUNDS, SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SILVER COMPOUNDS, ZINC COMPOUNDS increase incidence of premature parturition correlated with different metal concentrations and ratios Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 10/group see citation for table of residue data for 13 metals in pre-term vs full-term mothers and pups TOX-REPRO - physiology NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets

Enhydra lutris ssp. nereis

Citation:

Butyltin residues in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found dead along California coastal waters

Author(s)
Kannan, Kurunthachalam, Keerthi S. Guruge, Nancy J. Thomas, Shinsuke Tanabe and John P. Giesy
Pages
1169-1175
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
TIN, BUTYL increase otters that died of infectious disease contained butyltin liver concentrations greater than those that died of trauma Both Male and Female Adult 8-14 animals mean liver butyltin residue levels in otters where disease was cause of death = 1570 (range = 40-5300 ng/g wet wt) compared to those that died of trauma = 220 (range = 92-480 ng/g wet wt) TOX-MORT - mortality in the field NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Accumulation pattern of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found stranded along coastal California, USA

Author(s)
Nakata, H., K. Kannan, L. Jing, N. Thomas, S. Tanabe and J.P. Giesy
Pages
45-53
Year
Volume
103
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) increase otters that died from infectious diseases contained higher liver DDTs concentrations that those that died of trauma Both Male and Female Adult 4-8 mean liver DDTs residues in otters where disease was cause of death = 2000 (range = 290-4700 ng/g wet wt) compared to those that died of trauma = 1400 (range = 280 - 3800 ng/g wet wt) TOX-MORT - mortality in the field NR site contamination Toxicity Factor Datasets
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