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Canis latrans

Citation:

Behavioral ecology of coyotes on the National Elk Refuge, Jackson, Wyoming

Author(s)
Camenzind, Franz J.
Pages
267-296
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density 0.53 0.04 SD #/km2 Not Reported Adult National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 4.45 0.33 SD #/litter Female Adult National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 0.77 0.33 SD #/km2 Not Reported Pup National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 1.37 post-whelping population density 0.33 SD #/km2 Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density peak density 0.57 - 0.98 #/km2 Not Reported Adult National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relationships among coyote food habits, prey populations, and habitat use

Author(s)
Reichel, James D.
Pages
133-137
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition voles (79.4%); deer mice (4.7%); other rodents (7.9%); deer (9.8%); pronghorn (1.6%); other ungulates (5.4%); lagomorphs (1.6%); other mammals (1.9%); birds and eggs (6.6%); seeds and fruit (1.0%); insects (2.2%); unknown (3.8%) % frequency of occurrence of items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) 315 Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition voles (88.8%); deer mice (2.8%); other rodents (10.0%); deer (6.2%); other ungulates (11.0%); other mammals (0.8%); birds and eggs (7.6%); seeds and fruit (0.4%); insects (0.8%); unknown (4.8%) % frequency of occurrence of items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) 250 Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition voles (74.9%); deer mice (0.5%); other rodents (11.8%); deer (18.3%); pronghorn (10.9%); other ungulates (10.0%); lagomorphs (2.4%); other mammals (0.4%); birds and eggs (12.4%); reptiles and amphibians (4.3%); seeds and fruit (0.5%); insects (7.1%); unknown (1.9%) % frequency of occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) 211 Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition voles (40.8%); deer mice (2.4%); other rodents (14.1%); deer (24.4%); pronghorn (1.8%); other ungulates (7.3%); lagomorphs (2.4%); other mammals (7.4%); birds and eggs (19.5%); reptiles and amphibians (6.1%); seeds and fruit (30.5%); insects (30.5%); unknown (1.8%) % frequency of occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) 164 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food and energy use by captive coyotes

Author(s)
Litvaitis, John A. and William W. Mautz
Pages
56-61
Year
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate range of daily dry matter intake per unit metabolic weight (g food/body weight^0.75) for deer, hare or mice diets 26.3 - 36.4 g/kg/d Both Male and Female Juvenile captured in Aroostook County, ME 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology of a cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus auduboni) population in central California

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
159 - 184
Year
Volume
33
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition cottontail (45.4%); ground squirrel (31.2%); gopher snake (6.0%); woodrat (4.9%); pocket gopher (3.5%); kangaroo rat (3.3%); other (5.7%) computed % by weight of total recorded prey; based on scat analysis % Not Reported Not Reported San Joaquin Experimental Range 1173 scats Exposure Factor Datasets

Sylvilagus bachmani

Citation:

Sylvilagus bachmani

Author(s)
Chapman, Joseph A.
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Sylvilagus audubonii, Sylvilagus bachmani

Citation:

Home range - body mass allometry in rabbits and hares (Leporidae)

Author(s)
Swihart, Robert K.
Pages
139-148
Year
Volume
31
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Home Range review see citation for home range allometry for 14 species of lagomorphs Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Sylvilagus audubonii

Citation:

Sylvilagus audubonii

Author(s)
Chapman, Joseph A. and Gale R. Willner
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
106
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Sylvilagus audubonii ssp. arizonae

Citation:

The breeding biology of the desert cottontail in the Phoenix region, Arizona

Author(s)
Stout, Gene G.
Pages
47-51
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 minimum age for breeding mo Both Male and Female Adult Phoenix Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Spermophilus beecheyi

Citation:

The California Ground Squirrel

Author(s)
Linsdale, Jean M.
Pages
475
Publisher
University of California Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 512.4 91.9 - 942.4 g Male Not Reported Hastings Natural History Reservation 397 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 397.3 106.9 - 806.2 g Female Not Reported Hastings Natural History Reservation 373 Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 7.5 estimated from embryo or embryo scar counts 5 - 12 young/litter Female Adult Hastings Natural History Reservation 40 Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 5 longest record of lifespan yrs Male Adult Hastings Natural History Reservation Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Molt June molt of juvenile or adult pelage Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Hastings Natural History Reservation Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The annual cycle of the California ground squirrel

Author(s)
Tomich, P. Quentin
Pages
213-282
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 677 113.5 480 - 1009 g Male Adult Davis and Dixon 61 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 516 104.5 321-892 g Female Adult Davis and Dixon 112 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 528 referred to as "young males" 208.7 74 - 885 g Male Juvenile Davis and Dixon 124 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 373 referred to as "young females" 150.5 99 - 686 g Female Juvenile Davis and Dixon 115 Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Mar. - Apr. Both Male and Female Adult Davis and Dixon Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 6.09 based on embryo and placental scar counts 1 - 9 young/litter Female Adult Davis and Dixon 148 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 9.3 7.7 - 12.6 g Both Male and Female 34 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 64.2 20.0 - 106.0 g Both Male and Female 22 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 163.4 115.0 - 229.0 g Both Male and Female 13 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate see citation figure of body weight changes over time g/d Both Male and Female 6 litters Exposure Factor Datasets

Microtus californicus

Citation:

Carnivore-mouse predation: an example of its intensity and bioenergetics

Author(s)
Pearson, Oliver P.
Pages
177-188
Year
Volume
45
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density see citation figure of seasonal changes in density #/acre Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Tilden Park Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction in a coastal California population of the field mouse, Microtus californicus

Author(s)
Greenwald, Gilbert S.
Pages
421-466
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.20 mean embryo number per female 1.41 SD 1 - 9 embryos/female Female Adult San Francisco Bay, San Rafael 154 Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 2 wks Not Reported Juvenile San Francisco Bay, San Rafael Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 1 maximum length of life in wild yr Both Male and Female Adult San Francisco Bay, San Rafael Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis

Citation:

Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
481-497
Year
Issue
3
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 4.2 average body weight 3.6-4.6 lbs Female Adult Tooele County, west. UT 6 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 175 average daily consumption in captivity 108-348 (male); 56-292 (female) g/day Both Male and Female Adult Tooele County, west. UT Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 4-5 pups/litter Female Adult Tooele County, west. UT 11 litters Exposure Factor Datasets

Enhydra lutris

Citation:

Enhydra lutris

Author(s)
Estes, James A.
Pages
1-8
Year
Volume
133
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
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OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment