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Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica

Citation:

Conservation of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on the Naval Petroleum Reserves, California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, T.P.
Pages
207-208
Year
Volume
172
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density adult density 2-2.8 #/260 ha Both Male and Female Adult Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves 361 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 22 mo Both Male and Female Adult Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying December time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition early February Female Adult Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 4.1 mean litter size pups Female Adult Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. arsipus

Citation:

Ecology of the desert kit fox, Vulpes macrotis arsipus, in the Mojave Desert of southern California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, Thomas P. and Larry Gilbertson
Pages
1-15
Year
Issue
1
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range 200 denning range (area enclosing occupied den sites) ha Both Male and Female Adult Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area 16 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying January based on reproductive condition of adults at time of capture Both Male and Female Adult Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 10.2 measured from time of capture to time of last capture or radio-telemetry location 0.8 SE 8-14 mo Both Male and Female Adult Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area 6 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 2.4 measured from time of capture to time of last capture or radio-telemetry location 0.7 SE mo Both Male and Female Adult Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area 13 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 2034 78 SE g Male Adult Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area 15 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1936 64 SE g Female Adult Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area 13 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets

Antrozous pallidus

Citation:

Growth and development of young pallid bats, Antrozous pallidus

Author(s)
Davis, Russell
Pages
729-736
Year
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition mid-June Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 11 body weight increase over time in males g/7 wks Male Juvenile 9-18 bats Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 yr Female Yearling Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity >1 yr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 1-2 pups Female Adult 50 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Vocal communication in the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus

Author(s)
Brown, Patricia
Pages
34-54
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 7-10 age at weaning wks Both Male and Female Juvenile 20 bats Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 25 increase in body weight over time (to adult weight) g/2-3 mo Both Male and Female Juvenile 20 bats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Evaporative water losses of the pallid bat

Author(s)
Chew, Robert M. and Harold E. White
Pages
452-58
Year
Issue
4
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate 0.47 estimated oxygen consumption of resting animals at 25 C ml O2/g BW/hr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate estimated oxygen consumption of animals with wings extended, at 25-27 C 0.78-5.0 ml O2/g BW/hr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Inhalation Rate see citation figure of breaths/minute over time Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Physiological responses to high environmental temperatures in three species of microchiropteran bats

Author(s)
Licht, Paul, and Philip Leitner
Pages
371-387
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of metabolic heat production Not Reported Adult 50 mi. NE of Berkeley (capture location) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Inhalation Rate breathing rate of resting animals at 25 C 100-150 breaths/min Not Reported Adult 50 mi. NE of Berkeley (capture location) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Inhalation Rate breathing rate of active animals at 25 C 550-680 breaths/min Not Reported Adult 50 mi. NE of Berkeley (capture location) Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Zalophus californianus

Citation:

Breeding biology of the California Sea lion, Zalophus californianus

Author(s)
Odell, D. K.
Pages
374-378
Year
Volume
169
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - Aug. breeding season; pupping and mating Female Adult San Nicolas Island Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size 130 territory size during breeding 15 - 291 m2 Male Adult San Nicolas Island 20 territories Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

California sea lion mortality: Natural or artifact

Author(s)
Brownell, R. L. and B.J. LeBoeuf
Pages
287-305
Publisher
Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition May-late June pupping season Female Adult San Miguel Island Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 1 pup/litter Female Adult San Miguel Island Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake

Author(s)
Iverson, S. J., O.T. Oftedal and D.J. Boness
Pages
180-184
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 9.09 0.112 SE kg Male Pup San Nicolas Island 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 7.59 0.289 SE kg Female Pup San Nicolas Island 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 10.32 0.715 SE kg Male Pup San Nicolas Island 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 144.1 daily weight gain during 1st mo of life 16.13 SE g/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 120.0 daily weight gain during 1st mo of life 8.16 SE g/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 109.2 daily weight gain during the 2nd mo of life 41.62 SE g/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 75.8 daily weight gain during the 2nd mo of life 62.56 SE g/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 8.00 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight 0.260 SE %/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 7.37 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight 0.242 SE %/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 5.96 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight 0.405 SE %/d Male Pup San Nicolas Island 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 5.93 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight 0.467 SE %/d Female Pup San Nicolas Island 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of the 1982-1983 El Nino on several population parameters and diet of California sea lions on the Califonia channel islands

Author(s)
DeLong, R. L., G.A. Antonelis, C.W. Oliver, B.S. Stewart, M.S. Lowry and P.K. Yochem
Pages
166-172
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean range of mean weights taken over 5 yrs at 2 sites 14.6 - 23.2 kg Male Pup San Miguel and San Clemente Islands 51 - 136/yr Exposure Factor Datasets
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