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Antrozous pallidus

Citation:

Natural history of the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus (LeConte)

Author(s)
Orr, Robert T.
Pages
165-246
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 34.7 g Female Adult 10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 25.2 g Male Adult 16 Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying late Oct.-Nov. period over which copulation occurs Both Male and Female Adult 1 male, 5 females Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 9 estimation based on observations in wild and captive bats wks Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 1.8 1-3 young Female Adult 28 bats Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate range of mean daily intake of mealworms by captive bats 3.5-4.7 g/d Both Male and Female Adult 3 bats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Body Fat (total or %) total extractable lipids in carcass 5-15 % Both Male and Female Adult near cities 4 bats Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica

Citation:

Use of human-derived food items by urban kit foxes

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L. and Gregory D. Warrick
Pages
34-37
Year
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition human derived food items (12.2%), ground squirrel (67.8%), pocket gopher (3.9%), unident. rodent (5.0%), leporid (5.0%), bird (12.2%), insect (23.3%), other (2.2%) frequency of occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported Bakersfield, CA 180 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sources and rates of San Joaquin kit fox mortality in western Kern County, California

Author(s)
Disney, Michele and Linda K. Spiegel
Pages
73-82
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 0.4-.63 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles extreme southern San Joaquin Valley 57 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 0.55-0.57 Male Adult extreme southern San Joaquin Valley 25 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 0.27-0.86 Female Adult extreme southern San Joaquin Valley 32 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Hawbecker, Albert C.
Pages
499
Year
Issue
4
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Dipodomus ingens (17%), Dipodomys sp. (14%), D. heermanni (10%), Unident. rodents (6%), Oedaleonotus enigma (66%), Pocalta ursinus (5%), Coniontis sp. (1%), Stenopelmatus (9%), grass (74%) Percent occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 6 mi. east of Panoche 74 scats (1 den) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

San Joaquin kit fox: its distribution and abundance

Author(s)
Laughrin, Lyndal
Pages
20
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Branch Administrative Report
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition Review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 1 estimated average density based on censuses and literature values fox/2.8 mi2 Both Male and Female Adult 108 dens Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Life history of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Morrell, Stephen
Pages
162-174
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range approximate range of individual foxes 1-2 mi2 Both Male and Female Adult Buena Vista Valley 12 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly averages (Jan.-Dec.) 3.8-5.5 lbs Male Adult Buena Vista Valley 1-4 foxes/month Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly averages (Jan.-Dec.) 4.4-5.6 lbs Female Adult Buena Vista Valley 1-5 foxes/month Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate growth rate observed in repeatedly trapped pups 0.75-1 lb/month Both Male and Female Pup Buena Vista Valley Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 3-5 pups Female Adult Buena Vista Valley 5 litters Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition February-March Female Adult Buena Vista Valley Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Kangaroo rats (80.7%), rabbits (46.2%), squirrels (9.6%), cottontails (5.8%), pocket mouse (1.9%), unident. insects (59.6%), scorpions (17.3%), Jerusalem crickets (13.5%), insect larvae (11.5%), ants (9.6%), grasshoppers (5.8%), beetles (3.8%), spiders (1.9%) frequency of occurrence in scat analyses % Both Male and Female Not Reported 52 scat groups Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and ecology of the San Joaquin kit fox in the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge Area

Author(s)
Paveglio, Fred L and Steven D. Clifton
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, San Luis Wildlife Refuge
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Dietary Composition insects (1.3%), Hermann's kangaroo rat (19.6%), California vole (31.5%), deer mouse (14.4%), California ground squirrel (24.4%), Audubon's cottontail (12.0%), unident. plant material (0.7%) relative composition of prey remains in scat % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge 25 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Assessment of abundance of San Joaquin kit foxes by spotlight surveys

Author(s)
Ralls, Katherine and L. Lee Eberhardt
Pages
65-73
Year
Issue
1
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Population Density see citation figures showing seasonal abundance and density counts Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 1,239 surveys (dry season); 883 surveys (wet season) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range characteristics of the San Joaquin kit fox in western Kern County, California

Author(s)
Spiegel, Linda K. and Michael Bradbury
Pages
83-92
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range 1.61 denning range, based on observations of marked individuals at dens 0.20 SE km2 Both Male and Female Adult south San Joaquin Valley 26 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 5.82 nocturnal range, based on noctural locations of marked individuals 0.45 SE km2 Both Male and Female Adult south San Joaquin Valley 26 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 6.13 based on all observations of marked individuals 0.45 SE 1.69-11.18 km2 Both Male and Female Adult Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Conservation of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on the Naval Petroleum Reserves, California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, T.P.
Pages
207-208
Year
Volume
172
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density denning density 1 den/28 ha - 1 den/37 ha Both Male and Female Adult Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves 1010 dens Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis

Citation:

Notes on kit fox biology in Utah

Author(s)
Daneke, Dennis, Melvin Sunquist and Stephen Berwick
Pages
361-362
Year
Issue
3
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Home Range 1.9 calculated with Minimum Area Method 1.1 SD km2 Male Adult Pine Valley 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 1.4 calculated with Minimum Area Method 0.7 SD km2 Female Adult Pine Valley 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 4.2 calculated with Minimum Area Method 1.5 SD km2 Male Adult Pine Valley 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 1.9 calculated with Minimum Area Method 1.2 SD km2 Female Adult Pine Valley 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population dynamics of the kit fox in western Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
122-127
Year
Issue
3
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density population density on 10,359.9 ha study area 470.9-1035.9 ha/fox Both Male and Female Adult western Utah foxes 9-22 Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean litter sizes over four years 2.75-5 pups Female Adult western Utah 2-6 litters/year Exposure Factor Datasets

Vulpes macrotis

Citation:

Metabolism and body temperature of two desert canids: Coyotes and kit foxes

Author(s)
Golightly, Richard T. and Robert D. Ohmart
Pages
624 - 635
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Body Weight - Mean 1820 mean annual body weight g Both Male and Female Adult 20 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.0034 summer basal metabolic rate watts/g Both Male and Female Adult 12 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 0.0028 winter basal metabolic rate watts/g Both Male and Female Adult 12 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Notes on ecology and food of the Kit fox in Central Utah

Author(s)
Smith, Dwight G.
Pages
96 - 98
Year
Issue
2
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Population Density 4 mean number of pairs on study area 1-5 pairs/207 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 1 mean animal density in study area adult/12.9 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2.5 mean litter size 2-4 pups Female Adult 8 litters Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition black-tailed hare (61.4%), cottontail rabbit (7.7%); also Ord's kangaroo rat, deer mouse, pocket mouse, horned lark, unident. passerine, beetle proportion of total prey items identified in stomach contents Both Male and Female Adult 18 stomachs Exposure Factor Datasets
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OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment