Anaxyrus boreas (Western Toad)

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Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas)

Citation:

Influence of demography and environment on persistence in toad populations.

Author(s)
Lambert, B.A., Schorr, R.A., Schneider, S.C. and Muths, E.
Issue
7
Volume
80
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Population Density See citation 0.06-0.29 ha Individuals captured Adult See citation Rocky Mountains, CO Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding USA
Citation:

A herpetological inventory of Naval Air Station Fallon, Churchill County, Nevada.

Author(s)
Rose, J.P., Miano, O.J., Cottle, G.R., Lovich, R.E., Palmer, R.L. and Todd, B.D.
Issue
4
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries
Population Density 131 975 sq km Individuals captured Both Adults and Juveniles Naval Air Station Fallon, NV Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Distribution of amphibians in terrestrial habitat surrounding wetlands.

Author(s)
Rittenhouse, T.A. and Semlitsch, R.D.
Issue
1
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Foraging Distance Review Mean distance traveled from breeding site B Not Reported 404 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of age, weight, hormones, and hibernation on breeding success in boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas).

Author(s)
Roth, T.L., Szymanski, D.C. and Keyster, E.D.
Issue
4
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Countries
Body Weight - Mean 37.1 (1.2) - 47.7 (2.2) Hibernated males, age range 1-5 y g (± SEM) M Adult 45 Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered
Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden 		Exposure Factor Datasets Lab Hibernated USA
Body Weight - Mean 32.6 (1.1) - 42.1 (2.0) Hibernated females, age range 1-4 y g (± SEM) F Adult 32 Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered
Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden 		Exposure Factor Datasets Lab Hibernated USA
Body Weight - Mean 41.4 (1.9) - 59.3 (2.4) Nonhibernated females, age range 2-5 y g (± SEM) F Adult 32 Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered
Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden 		Exposure Factor Datasets Lab Nonhibernated USA

Citation:
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries Lab
See citation Figure 1 Peripheral blood leukocytes/mL blood M Not Reported 20 Oaklahoma State University Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA
See citation Figure 2 Total leukocytes/spleen M Not Reported 20 Oaklahoma State University Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA
CARBARYL See citation Figure 1 Terrestrial sprint velocity, m/s B Adult 20 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA
CARBARYL See citation Figure 2 Arboreal sprint velocity, m/s B Adult 20 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA
CADMIUM (elemental) 95.1 ± 31.9 ppb Kidney concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY (elemental) 459 ± 78.1 ppb Liver concentration, dead-captured 17 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 140 ± 38.6 ppb Liver concentration, dead-captured 17 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
SELENIUM (elemental) 985 ± 141 ppb Liver concentration, dead-captured 17 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
ARSENIC (elemental) 167 ± 53.2 ppb Kidney concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
ENDOSULFAN 1,147 [623-2,726 (84% CI)] LC90 NR Tadpole 120 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA
ENDOSULFAN 7 LOEC NR Tadpole 120 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA
TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE 2 m Time to no response to tow pinch NR Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
HEPTACHLOR 8.4 ± 9.8 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 352 ± 129 ppb Kidney concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
CHROMIUM (elemental) 72.9 ± 32.1 ppb Heart concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE 2 m Time to loss of righting reflex NR Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ALDRIN 8.6 ± 10 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
SELENIUM (elemental) 1213 ± 240 ppb Kidney concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
MERCURY (elemental) 41.3 ± 9.5 ppb Heart concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
ENDOSULFAN 5.0 [2.9-7.6 (84% CI)] LC10 NR Tadpole 120 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE 2 min Time to no response to tow pinch NR Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
DIELDRIN 13 ± 22 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ARSENIC (elemental) 125 ± 31.3 ppb Muscle concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 86.7 ± 23.3 ppb Heart concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
ENDOSULFAN 76.1 [56.3-109 (84% CI)] LC50 NR Tadpole 120 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
MEDETOMIDINE See citation Figure 1 Mean heart rate NR 10 Tortoise Colony at Colorado State University Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ENDRIN 106 ± 71 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
CADMIUM (elemental) 27.2 ± 8.2 ppb Muscle concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
SELENIUM (elemental) 305 ± 68.8 ppb Heart concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
ENDOSULFAN 4.9 [3.1-7.0 (84% CI)] LC10 NR Tadpole 120 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
MEDETOMIDINE See citation Figure 2 Mean respiratory rate NR 10 Tortoise Colony at Colorado State University Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
DDT (4,4'-) Not detected Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
CHROMIUM (elemental) 150 ± 21.8 ppb Muscle concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
0.167 mg/kg Plasma vitellogenin induction ED50 M Not Reported 64 Oaklahoma State University Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ENDOSULFAN 46.8 [36.5-61.5 (84% CI)] LC50 NR Tadpole 120 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
MEDETOMIDINE See citation Figure 3 Mean ventricular partial pressure of oxygen NR 10 Tortoise Colony at Colorado State University Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ARSENIC (elemental) 7.0 ± 3.3 ppb Blood concentration of live-captured 29 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
MERCURY (elemental) 75.8 ± 11.9 ppb Muscle concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
0.095 mg/kg Plasma alkaline-labile phosphate induction ED50 M Not Reported 64 Oaklahoma State University Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ENDOSULFAN 446 [282-832 (84% CI)] LC90 NR Tadpole 120 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
MEDETOMIDINE See citation Figure 4 Mean ventricular blood pressure NR 10 Tortoise Colony at Colorado State University Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
CADMIUM (elemental) 4.3 ± 2.7 ppb Blood concentration of live-captured 29 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 393 ± 131 ppb Muscle concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
MALATHION See citation Figure 1 Mean max sprint velocity, m/s NR Juvenile 10 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ENDOSULFAN 7 LOEC NR Tadpole 120 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
MERCURY (elemental) See citation Table 1; µg/g ww Total concentrations in brain, liver, tail tissue Not Reported 23 Colusa National Wildlife Refuge (Colusa County); Natomas Basin (Sacramento County); Butte County, Glenn County; Yolo County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
CHROMIUM (elemental) 42.5 ± 7.8 ppb Blood concentration of live-captured 29 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
SELENIUM (elemental) 217 ± 40.7 ppb Muscle concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
LEAD ACETATE See citation Figure 2 Mean max sprint velocity, m/s NR Juvenile 10 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
GLYPHOSATE 1.7 [-0.4-1.9 (95 % CI)] LC10 NR Embryo 240 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
See citation Table 4; µg/g ww Total concentration in liver tissue Not Reported 23 Colusa National Wildlife Refuge (Colusa County); Natomas Basin (Sacramento County); Butte County, Glenn County; Yolo County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
MERCURY (elemental) 26.9 ± 5.5 ppb Blood concentration of live-captured 29 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
ARSENIC (elemental) 91.4 ± 21.7 ppb Skin concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
MALATHION No effect Food consumption M Juvenile 13 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
GLYPHOSATE 2.0 [1.7-2.2 (95 % CI)] LC50 NR Embryo 240 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
LINDANE 153 ± 2.5 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 88.8 ± 15.1 ppb Blood concentration of live-captured 29 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
CADMIUM (elemental) 19.8 ± 3.4 ppb Skin concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MALATHION No effect Mass, g M Juvenile 13 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
GLYPHOSATE 2.4 [2.3-4.0 (95 % CI)] LC90 NR Embryo 240 University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
HEPTACHLOR 2.3 ± 2.0 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
SELENIUM (elemental) 502 ± 46.9 ppb Blood concentration of live-captured 29 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
CHROMIUM (elemental) 161 ± 46.0 ppb Skin concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
OXYTETRACYCLINE HCL 0.77 (0.08 SE) Mean mass after 11 w exp (units NR) NR Juvenile 10 USGS Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, Ft. Collins, CO Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ALDRIN 5.5 ± 6.6 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ARSENIC (elemental) 156 ± 27.3 ppb Liver concentration, dead-captured 17 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
MERCURY (elemental) 41.5 ± 7.1 ppb Skin concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
OXYTETRACYCLINE HCL 2.23 (0.16 SE) Mean mass after 11 w exp (units NR) NR Juvenile 10 USGS Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, Ft. Collins, CO Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
DIELDRIN 8.9 ± 2.9 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
CADMIUM (elemental) 128 ± 30.2 ppb Liver concentration, dead-captured 17 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 172 ± 57.0 ppb Skin concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
OXYTETRACYCLINE HCL 2.37 (0.13 SE) Mean mass after 11 w exp (units NR) NR Juvenile 10 USGS Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, Ft. Collins, CO Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
ENDRIN 25 ± 16 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
CHROMIUM (elemental) 45.0 ± 8.7 ppb Liver concentration, dead-captured 17 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
SELENIUM (elemental) 182 ± 35.8 ppb Skin concentration, dead-captured 20 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
OXYTETRACYCLINE HCL 2.32 (0.18 SE) Mean mass after 11 w exp (units NR) NR Juvenile 10 USGS Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, Ft. Collins, CO Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
DDT (4,4'-) Not detected Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
CHROMIUM (elemental) 51.0 ± 19.6 ppb Kidney concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
ARSENIC (elemental) 145 ± 47.3 ppb Heart concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE <50 s Time to loss of righting reflex NR Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
LINDANE 162 ± 101 ng/g Accumulation in eggs from spiked nest material NR Embryo 10 Texas Tech University, Lubbock Toxicity Factor Datasets Lab USA Laboratory
MERCURY (elemental) 120 ± 35.0 ppb Kidney concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
CADMIUM (elemental) 51.0 ± 28.4 ppb Heart concentration, dead-captured 15 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
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